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:  Jo.  6.  LOYELL'S  POUT IC1L 1HD  SCIENTIFIC  SERIES.  30  CTS. 

Issued  Weekly    Annual  Subscription,  115.00.    Sept.  30,  1889. 


INTEGRAL 
CO-OPERATION 


BY 

A.    K.    OWEN 


NEW  YORK 
JOHN    W.    LOVELL    COMPANY 

142  TO  iso  WORTH  STREET 


BY  SPECIAL  ARRANGEMENT  WITH  THE  AUTHORS. 


PROGRESS 

AMD 

P0VERTT 


LOVELL'S 
and 

SERIES. 


ISSUED  MONTHLY. 


INTERESTING  AND  INSTRUCTIVE  WORKS 
BY  DISTINGUISHED  WRITERS  AT  HOME 
AND  ABROAD. 


1.  PROGRESS  AND  POVERTY.    By  Henry  George 35 

2.  OUR  SILVER  COINAGE.    By  John  A.  Grier 25 

3.  SOCIAL  PROBLEMS.    By  Henry  George 30 

4.  THE  LAND  QUESTION.    By  Henry  George 20 

5.  HOUSE-KEEPING  AND  HOME-MAKING.    By  Marion  Harland 15 

6.  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.    By  A.  K.  Owen 30 

7.  THE  CO-OPERATIVE  COMMONWEALTH.    By  Laurence  Gronlund 30 

8.  LABOR  AND  CAPITAL.    By  Edward   Kellogg 30 

9.  THE  NEW  REPUBLIC.    By  Dr.  E.  J.  Schellhous 30 

0.  HYGIENE  OF  THE  BRAIN.    By  Dr.  M.  L.  Holbrook 30 

1.  WOMAN'S  PLACE  TO-DAY.    By  Mrs.  Lillie  D.  Blake 20 

2.  STUDIES  IN  CIVIL  SERVICE.    By  John  W.  Hoyt,  LL.D 20 

3.  TAX  THE  AREA.    By  Kemper  Bocock 25 

4.  FALSE  HOPES.    By  Goldwin  Smith 20 

5.  VIVISECTION.    By  A.  Leffingwell,   M.D 25 

6.  TWILIGHT  CLUB  TRACTS.    By  Chas.  F.  Wingate 25 

7.  UNDERGROUND  RUSSIA.    By  Stepniak 25 

8.  POLE  ON  WHIST.    By  Pole 20 

9.  SCIENCE  IN  SHORT  CHAPTERS.    By  W.  Mattieu  Williams 25 

MYSTIC  LONDON.    By  Rev.  Maurice  Davies 25 

PROPERTY  IN  LAND.    By  Henry  George 20 

SOCIALISM.    By  A.  J.  Starkweather  and  S.  Robert  Wilson 10 

3.  CHILDHOOD  OF  THE  WORLD.    By  Edward  Clood,   F.R.S. A 10 

4.  THE  TRUE  SOLUTION  OF  THE  LAND  QUESTION.    By  Chas.  H.  W.  Cook...  10 

5.  EVERY  DAY  COOK-BOOK.    By  Miss  E.  Neill 25 

26.    PRINCIPLES  AND  FALLACIES  OF  SOCIALISM.    By  David   J.   Hill 15 


Any  of  the  above  sent  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price,  by  the  publishers. 

JOHN  W.   LOVELL   COMPANY 


150  WORTH  ST.,  COR.  MISSION  PLACE 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION; 


ITS  PRACTICAL  APPLICATION 


BY 

ALBERT  K.  ,OWEN. 

Li     « 


Every  noble  work  is  at  first  impossible.— CariyU. 

A  fool  in  revolt,  is  infinitely  wiser  than  the  philosopher  forging  a 

learned  apology  for  his  chains. — KOSSUTH. 


It  is  just  fifty  years  ago  that  the  construction  of  the  first  French 
railroad,  that  from  Paris  to  St.  Germain,  was  officially  sanctioned. 
The  late  Emil  Pereire  undertook  to  make  this  line  at  his  own  expense. 
It  had  taken  nearly  three  years  to  obtain  the  consent  of  the  authorities, 
the  contention  of  Theirs  being  that  railroads  could  never  be  more 
than  mere  toys,  while  Arazo  also  doubted  their  utility.  The  financial 
difficulties  were  also  great,  and  only  surmounted  when  the  Rothschilds 
and  Davillers  were  won  over.  The  road  was  opened  in  1837,  and  be- 
came  the  nucleus  of  the  western  system. —  The  Sun,  Sept.  I,  1885. 


NEW  YORK 

UNITED   STATES   BOOK  COMPANY 

SUCCESSORS    TO 

JOHN    W.    LOVELL    COMPANY 

142    TO    150    WORTH    STREET 


True  living  is  not  thinking  how  to  act,  bat  acting  what  <w»?  dare  to 
think 


U  does  not  matter  so  much  where  you  stand  as  in  what  direcrjoc 
you  are  moving. — Dr.  Holmes* 


Many  a  man  tnmks  that  it  is  his  goodness  wmch  keeps  him  from 
crime,  when  it  is  only  his  full  stomach.  On  half  allowance  he  would 
be  as  ugly  and  knavish  as  anybody.  Don't  mistake  potatoes  for 
principles. 


Between  truth  and  falsehood,  purity  and  corruption,  justice  and 
usurpation  there  is  eternal  war.  Between  them  there  never  can-* 
there  never  should — be  peace. — Social  Democracy. 


I  hold  that  the  abolition  of  classes  would  tend  to  the  general  ele- 
vation of  all  society;  would  be  for  the  good  of  the  upper  as  well  as  for 
the  lower  ;  would  destroy  the  precariousness  of  life,  now  felt  by  the 
middle  classes  as  well  as  by  others.—"  Social  League  '*  (England,) 


They  (the  Scotch  Student  Socialists)  don't  care  anything  about 
the  merely  political  questions  of  socialism — about  legislative  machinery 
and  the  like  ;  what  they  do  care  for  is  the  moral  side  of  it ;  the  intro- 
duction of  a  higher  ethics  into  work  and  life.— -Justice 


Let  us  have  construction,  not  destruction.     Let  our  aim  be  not 

dependence  upon,  or  independence  of  any  person  or  thing,  but  intes 
dependence  with  all  persons  and  everything. 


THE 

CREDIT  FONCIER  OF  SINALOA 

A  SOCIAL  STUDY 

BY 

ALBERT    K.    OWEN. 


6  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

transportations,  of  exchanges,  of  ethics,  and  of  the  ways 
and  means  of  payments. 

With  the  first,  the  question  is  how  to  occupy  labor,  how 
to  employ  force,  how  to  apply  invention,  how  to  profit  by 
discovery,  how  to  diversify  and  perfect  our  finished  articles 
of  manufacture  ? 

With  the  second,  the  question  is  how  are  we  to  distribute 
the  wages,  the  burdens,  the  taxes,  the  necessities,  the 
conveniences,  the  luxuries  of  our  labors,  of  our  fields,  and 
of  our  workshops  ? 

From  the  intelligent  employment  of  force  results 
national  power.  Force  represents  the  first  problem,  and 
if  solved  by  itself,  it  will  form  an  ill-constituted  grandeur 
— a  barbaric  confederation — a  government  of  privileged 
and  incorporated  classes,  such  as  we  have  in  these  United 
States  to-day — a- government  in  which  all  the  material  ele- 
ments are  combined — a  government  into  which  no  moral 
principle  enters. 

From  the  intelligent  distribution  of  services  results  in- 
dividual happiness.  Distribution  represents  the  second 
problem  ;  and  upon  the  happy  and  prosperous  homes  of  an 
educated  people  a  great  nation  can  be  formed.  By  in- 
telligent distribution  we  must  not  understand  equal  distribu- 
tion, but  equitable  distribution.  The  highest  equality  is 
equity.  With  equity  we  will  have  justice  and  good  fellow- 
ship, we  will  have  the  strong  and  educated  having  a  care 
for  the  weak  and  uneducated.  We  will  have  interdepend- 
ent-common-interests  in  the  place  of  independent-special- 
privileges  and  we  will  have  a  high  plane  of  intellectual, 
wholesome,  vigorous  life  instead  of  the  low,  depraved, 
diseased,  criminal  existence  through  which  we  now 
struggle. 

The  solving  of  this,  the  second  problem  of  civilization 
without  at  the  same  time  solving  the  first  problem  would 
be  fraught  with  disaster  no  less  gory  than  history  has 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  7 

painted,  in  our  own  and  ancient  times,  in  connection  with 
the  solution  of  the  first  great  problem.  The  two  great 
problems  of  civilization  must  be  solved  together  to  be 
well  solved. 

There  have  been  and  there  are  several  nations  which 
have  measurably  solved  the  first  problem.  Rome,  Greece 
and  Egypt  are  ancient  examples.  There  have  been  pos- 
sibly two  nations — Peru,*  under  the  Incas,  and  Venice,f 
under  the  Doges,  which  have  started  upon  the  correct 
solution  of  the  second,  but  there  never  has  been  a  nation, 
ancient  or  modern,  which  has  solved  the  first  and  second 
problems  together  ;  hence  it  is  that  the  world  has  always 
been  and  is  filled  with  contentions  and  confusions,  with 
wars  and  suicides,  with  miseries  and  crimes. 

Man  has  been  the  problem  of  the  past  century. 

Woman  is  the  conundrum  of  the  new  era. 

Man  represents  force.  He  stands  the  embodiment  of 
the  first  problem  of  civilization.  Trying  as  he  has  been  to 
solve  himself  alone,  he  has  made  a  miserable  failure.  He 
has  developed  brute  force,  but  possesses  no  moral  courage. 
He  has  some  forced  cultures,  but  not  one  refined  instinct. 

Woman  is  the  symbol  of  ethics,  equity,  love,  confidence 
and  truth.  Woman  represents  the  second  problem.  She 
has  been  forced  to  one  side  in  the  affairs  of  hovne  and 
state,  has  been  humiliated,  outlawed  and  enslaved  ;  and 
she  has  given  the  world  in  return  slave  children  ;  sons 
too  contemptibly  ignorant  to  know  that  they  are  slaves  \ 
daughters,  who  find  their  only  consolation  in  superstition, 
and  who  look  forward  to  a  future  life  for  happiness  and 

*  Every  child  born  was  given  a  portion  of  land  by  the  state. 

t  From  1171  to  1797,  the  Venetians  exchanged  their  services  by 
means  of  "  credits  "  and  "  debits  "  upon  the  books  of  their  bank  fret 
from  interest  and  these  "  Credits  "  were  at  a  premium  over  the  world* 
renowned  "  Gold  Ducats." 


g  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION*. 

the  realization  of  their  better  natures.  Man  is  the  supple* 
ment,  woman  the  complement  of  civilization.  One  is  the 
representative  of  the  first,  the  other  that  of  the  second 
problem.  An  injury  which  mars  the  one  wrongs  the  ether. 
Not  to  understand  this  is  to  be  ignorant  of  fundamental 
fact.  Man  and  woman -cannot,  bring  forth  children  free 
and  enlightened  until  they  have  introduced  equities  into 
all  the  affairs  of  life,  private  and  public.  Man  and  woman 
to  be  free  must  solve  the  two  great  problems  of  civilization 
together  and  at  the  same  time. 

The  United  States,  England,  France,  Belgium,  and  Ger- 
many have  measurably  solved  the  first  great  problem  of 
civilization.  As  producers  and  as  manufacturers  they  are  a 
partial  success.  Their  vegetables,  cereals,  fruits,  breadstuffs, 
meats  and  articles  of  .finished  workmanship  are  wonderful  in 
growth,  in  make  and  in  .abundance.  And  grand  and  beautiful 
are  their  steam  cars  and  ocean  ships,  their  electric  telegraphs, 
cables,  telephones  and  motors  ;  their  canals,  tunnels  and 
bridges,  their  tramways,  their  water  supplies,  gas-works, 
buildings,  inventions  and  sciences.  But  these  peoples  have 
only  yet  learned  the  A  B  C  to  the  solution  of  the  second 
great  problem  of  civilization.  They  are  all  bad — they  are 
wretched  distributors.  They  push  the  solution  of  the  first 
problem  without  regard  to  the  solution  of  the  second,  and 
this  leads  their  people  inevitably  to  the  two  extremes. 
Monstrous  opulence  on  the  one  side;  monstrous  misery 
upon  the  other  ;  all  the  enjoyments,  to  the  few  ;  all  the  prL 
rations  to  the  many  !  All  the  privileges,  all  the  offices,  all 
the  emoluments,  all  the  honors,  all  the  luxuries  to  the  cun- 
ning, to  the  designing,  to  the  insignificant  tricksters  and  mid- 
dle-men ;  all  the  burdens,  all  the  taxes,  all  the  dishonors, 
all  the  disadvantages  to  the  producing,  to  the  unincorpo. 
rated  people. 

The  mission  of  the    Socialists  is  to  force  upon  the  con* 
sideration  of  our  people  of  every  class  the  vital  issues  under* 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  g 

lying  the  second  great  problem  of  civilization,  and  to  urge  by 
organizing  co-operative  industries  and  exchanges  the  appli- 
cation of  equity  in  the  affairs  of  mankind,  at  the  same  time 
that  our  home  industries  are  protected,  diversified  and  per- 
fected ;  that  we  as  a  people  may  progress  to  a  high  plane 
of  intellectuality,  and  that  we  as  individuals  may  have  s  me 
security,  peace  and  happiness  on  this  Earth's  surface,  in 
this  our  own  generation. 

The  ways  and  means  by  which  this  result  may  be  accom- 
plished, under  the  conditions  which  surround  us,  is  by  in- 
corporating earnest,  industrious  and  responsible  men  and 
women  into  associations  which  will  organize  to  protect  the 
members  and  to  advance  the  purposes  desired  against  antag- 
onistic bodies.  Non-incorporated  persons  cannot  long 
stand  up  against  incorporated  classes,  companies  and  firms 
enjoying  special  privileges  and  exemptions.  All  efforts,  no 
matter  how  well  intentioned,  will  be  futile  in  carrying  into 
practical  application  co-operative  ideas  if  the  persons  so 
moving  do  not  act  as  a  body  corporate.  There  are  giants  to 
be  met.  Men  or  women  unincorporated  are  but  dwarfs. 
Corporations  stand  in  the  path  turn  where  we  will,  be  our 
purpose  what  it  may  ;  and  hence  to  be  recognized  \ve  must 
be  strong  and  able  to  hold  our  own.  Organization  must 
meet  organization,  force  must  encounter  force  and  then 
those  who  have  philosophy  and  humanity  as  the  basis  of 
their  society  will  triumph.  Constructive  methods  will  ad- 
vance, and  destructive  bodies  will  have  no  place  on  this 
planet. 

"  Faith,  hope  and  charity  "  have  been  the  motto  of  those 
people  who  have  partially  solved  the  first  problem  of  civili- 
zation. 

Duty,  Interdependence  and  Equity  should  be  the  motto 
of  those  persons — of  those  men  and  women  who  will 
solve  at  one  and  the  same  time  the  first  and  second  prob- 
lems of  civilization — who  will  perfect  the  rnan,  privilege  the 


,0  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

woman  and  make  strong  the  state  ;  and  may  God  be  with 
the  right  I 

ALBERT  K.  OWEN. 
Room  708,  32  NASSAU  ST., 

New  York  City. 
Residence,  Chester,  Pa. 


CO-OPERATION. 

In  publishing  the  articles  of  Albert  K.  Owen  upon  his  plan  of  co- 
operative homes,  industry  and  society,  whic'~  we  commend  to  the 
careful  study  of  our  readers,  The  American  must  not  be  regarded  as 
endorsing  them.  Mr.  Owen  is  of  Quaker  ancestry — -a  man  of  inde- 
fatigable indust/y,  great  ability,  and  thoroughly  devoted  to  the  cause 
of  true  humanity.  He  will  not  err  through  lack  of  an  honest,  earnest 
purpose  of  well-doing. —  The  American^  New  York,  Wednesday, 
February  u,  1885. 


LET   US   HAVE   EVOLUTION,    NOT   REVOLUTION. 
SETTLEMENT,    FARM,    FACTORY    AND    COMMERCE. 

THE  CREDIT  FONCIER*  OF  SINALOA,  AS  A  BASIS  FOK 
PACIFIC   COLONY. 

CO-OPERATION   SYSTEMATIZED. 
BY  ALBERT  K.  OWEN. 

A.  K.  OWEN  : — Use  Public  Utilities  for  the  Conveniences 
and  Revenues  of  the  Public,  and  Permit  Private  Properties 
to  be  in  the  Control  of  Individuals  under  certain  declared 
Reservations  in  the  interest  of  the  Common  Weal. 

*  Credit  Fonder:  Loans  upon  real  estate.  Foncier  standing  for 
manor  or  home ;  /.  e. ,  the  security  of  well  regulated  homes,  made  the 
basis  for  the  common  weal. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  t| 

HARMONY. 

*  He  who  with  bold  and  skillful  hand  sweeps  o'er 
The  organ  keys  of  some  cathedral  pile, 
Flooding  with  music  vault  and  nave  and  aisle, 

"While  on  his  ear  falls  but  a  thunderous  roar — 

In  the  composer's  lofty  motive  free, 

Knows  well  that  all  that  temple  vast  and  dim, 
Thrills  to  its  base  with  anthem,  psalm  or  hymn, 

True  to  the  changeless  laws  of  harmony. 

So  he,  who  on  these  clanging  chords  of  life, 

With  firm,  sweet  touch  plays  the  great  Master's  score 
Of  Truth  and  Love  and  Duty,  evermore, 

Knows,  too,  that  far  beyond  this  roar  and  strife, 
Though  he  may  never  hear,  in  the  true  time, 
These  notes  must  all  accord  in  symphonies  sublime.11 


PREFACE. 

A.  K.  OWEN,  1877  : — Competition  and  trade  have  ruled 
ahd  ruined  in  the  past  and  present  ages.  The  benign 
influences  of  steam,  electricity  and  their  accessories,  make 
demand  for  integral  co-operation  and  commerce.  Com- 
petition is  antagonism.  Co-operation  is  ha:  ony.  Com- 
petition, which  in  former  ages  was  called  "  piracy,"  en- 
courages the  big  fish  to  say  to  the  little  fish,  "  1  am  a  big 
fellow,  strong  and  competent ;  you  are  a  little  fellow,  weak 
and  incompetent ;  you  shall  bear  my  burdens."  Co-opera- 
tion teaches  that  assured  prosperity  may  be  attained  only 
by  making  the  people  prosperous.  The  strong  and  the 
advanced  say  to  the  weak  and  retarded  :  "  We  cannot  go 
forward  until  your  conditions  are  bettered  ;  let  us  reason 
together,  that  required  results  may  be  more  readily  and 
equitably  accomplished."  It  is  well,  it  is  co/.mendable 
to  have  the  physique,  the  force,  the  intellect  of  a  giant ; 
but  it  is  tyranny  to  use  such  natural  and  acquired  powers 
as  a  giant.  Can  the  competition  between  a  giant  and  a 


12  INTEGKAL  CO-OP  ELATION*. 

dwarf,  between  an  educated  and  an  uneducated  person, 
between  mechanical  labor  and  hand  labor,  between  a 
patrician  and  a  plebeian,  add  to  the  physical,  moral  and 
intellectual  requirements  of  society  ?  There  is  no  such 
thing  as  competition  between  equals.  The  strong  always 
combine.  The  unassociated  suffer  in  consequence.  Are 
the  steam-stimulated  ana  the  telephone-inspired  people  of 
the  near  present  goir.g  to  honor  persons  who  madly  rush 
to  a  comparatively  safe  position  by  means  of  ladders  built 
by  others'  toil,  and  selfishly  kick  over  the  steps  to  prevent 
others  from  advancing  to  the  enjoyment  of  the  same 
security  ?  Competition  is  satisfied  with  a  comparative 
progress,  the  competitor  being  content  in  a  mud  hut, 
providing  his  fellow  associates  are  wallowing  in  mud, 
disease  and  crime.  Co-operation  makes  demand  for  the 
utmost  possible  benefits — its  every  effort  is  to  better  the 
physical  condition  of  the  whole  people.  Free  money,  un- 
restricted commerce  and  exemption  from  taxation,  federal, 
state  and  municipal,  must  be  attained  co-operatively,  not 
separately  ;  never  by  means  of  competition. 

HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD  says :  No  country  which  has 
existed  has  ever  developed  a  tithe  of  the  power  which  its 
people  and  its  resources  have  been  capable  of,  because  all 
governments  are  now  and  ever  have  been  run  by  and  for 
the  few  to  the  exclusion  of  the  many  ;  whereas,  it  is  these 
latter  who  really  constitute  the  State  and  possess  the 
ability  to  make  it  rich  and  powerful.  Stein,  the  famous 
Prime  Minister  of  Prussia,  had  a  real  appreciation  of  this 
great  truth,  when,  after  the  battle  of  Jena,  his  country  \vas 
crushed  beneath  the  iron  heel  of  Napoleon,  and  it  became 
necessary  to  have  a  real  State  resting  upon  the  broad 
shoulders  of  the  people,  "  to  compensate  the  kingdom's 
loss  in  extensive  greatness  by  intensive  strength. "  He 
abolished  feudalism  and  its  accompanying  slavery,  and 
called  into  being  a  large  body  of  peasant  pr.oprietorsf 


INTEGRAL   CO-OPERATWX.  I^ 

among  whom   the  land   was  divided,  and  who  thus  were 
made  to  feel  that  they  had  a  country  worth  defending. 

Association  with  his  fellow-men — the  ability  to  ex- 
change services,  commodities  and  ideas — is  the  first  and 
the  great  and  paramount  need  of  man  ;  and  that  State  will 
be  greatest,  freest,  most  stable,  most  enduring  and  most 
powerful  in  which  this  force  is  most  fully  developed  among 
the  whole  body  of  the  people  ;  and  of  whose  power  to 
labor  the  least  possible  quantity  is  lost,  and  the  greatest 
utilized.  The  conditions  essential  to  these  are  : 

1.  Land  within  the  reach  of  the  people  as  proprietors, 
which   places   them   in  the   position,  while  feeding  them- 
selves, of  readily  utilizing  the  remainder  of  their  labor,  by 
storing  it  up  and    finally  disposing  of  it  in  the  form  of 
agricultural  products. 

2.  Diversified   industries,   which   by  the   differences  in 
commodities  and  services,  as  well  as  in  wants,  render  ex- 
changes easy  and  rapid. 

3.  And  finally  a  full  volume  of  money,  happily  termed 
the  instrument  of  association,  which  can  alone  make  pos- 
sible an  instantaneous  exchange  of  services,  commodities 
and  ideas,  by  admitting  of  their  ceaseless  composition, 
decomposition  and  recomposition,  and  enabling  those  who 
need  them  to  command  them,  thus  utilizing  the  countless 
billions  of  billions  of  minutes  of  which  the  lives  of  a  people 
are  constituted. 

It  is  the  absence  of  one  or  of  all  these  conditions  which 
has  hitherto  caused  nine-tenths  or  more  of  the  power  of 
every  State  to  be  wasted  beyond  recovery ;  thus  producing 
individual  want,  misery  and  crime,  and  national  weakness 
and  instability,  where  individual  plenty,  happiness  and 
virtue,  and  national  power  and  stability  should  have  been 
permanent,  and  ever-widening  and  intensifying. 

WENDELL  PHILLIPS  (1870):    How  to  make  the   labor- 


I4  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

ing  man  work  less  and  have  more  for  his  work,  will  have 
to  be  considered.  For  in  spite  of  all  social  science,  and 
all  the  dry  theorizing  which  is  flung  at  us  from  the  differ* 
ent  churches  and  societies  in  the  course  of  the  year,  I  still 
maintain  that  the  ideal  civilization  which  is  to  come,  and 
which  it  is  the  effort  of  every  man  to  hasten,  is  all  wrap- 
ped up  in  that  one  principle,  that  the  mass  of  mankind 
work  less  and  enjoy  more.  Every  thirty  years  since  Christ 
died  ;  every  thirty  years  has  been  an  advance  toward  that 
end  ;  every  thirty  vears  of  the  last  200  has  been  an  advance 
so  marked  thai  any  man  can  see  it.  Europe  is  heading  for- 
ward to  the  day  when  the  mass  of  men  shall  work  less  and 
enjoy  more,  and  that  is  the  goal  at  which  we  aim,  and  our 
only  object  in  this  movement  is  to  hasten  the  progress  of 
humanity  in  thai  direction. 

JOHN  DOUGHERTY:  It  is  as  impolitic  for  man — a  social 
being — to  live  apart  from  the  community  of  interests,  and 
unanimity  of  intelligence  for  which  nature  designed  him 
as  for  the  ant,  bee  or  beaver  to  leave  the  ant-hill,  hive  or 
be.iver-dam. 

Henry  George  addressed  a  large  audience  on  "The 
Crime  of  Poverty  "  in  the  Academy  of  Music  in  Brooklyn 
last  evening.  He  said  poverty  was  something  more  than 
a  crime — it  was  the  fruitful  parent  of  crime.  Western 
Ireland  and  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  were  the  poorest 
countries  he  had  ever  seen,  but  if  he  were  compelled  to 
dwell  among  the  poor  he  would  rather  be  there,  as  one  did 
not  meet  among  the  unfortunate  people  there  the  degrada- 
tion which  exists  in  the  centres  of  civilization.  The  man 
who  was  industrious  was  the  man  who  ought  to  be  rich, 
and  yet  the  industrious  were  not  always  rich  ;  labor  did 
not  always  command  wealth.  If  wealth  were  the  result  of 
work,  then  the  workingmen  would  to-day  be  the  well* 
to-do. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  !5 

It  is  not  over-production,  but  unjust  distribution,  that 
is  now  depressing  trade.  Is  it  a  wonder  that  men  all  over 
the  world  are  beginning  to  grow  restive  ?  The  most 
dangerous  men  are  not  the  dynamiters  or  anarchists,  but 
the  men  who  preach  that  this  thing  must  be  so,  and  who 
do  not  look  for  a  remedy.  Poverty  cannot  be  cured  by 
alms.  It  demands  justice,  and  justice  alone.  The  Chris- 
tian Church  is  shirking  its  duty.  Nothing  is  said  from 
the  pulpit  against  the  condition  of  things  which  makes  this 
terrible  struggle  for  existence  possible.  Christian  duties 
involve  social  duties. 

The  general  cause  of  the  existence  of  poverty  is  that 
the  land  is  treated  as  private  property.  The  ownership 
of  the  land  necessitates  poverty.  There  would  be  poverty 
in  the  kingdom  of  Heaven  if  it  were  monopolized  by  a 
few.  The  reason  that  men  are  unemployed  is  because 
they  are  shut  out  from  the  land.  So  long  as  land  is  to  be 
had  by  all  who  want  it  there  will  be  no  one  out  of  employ- 
ment. No  man  has  a  right  to  hold  a  part  of  the  earth 
which  he  is  not  using  himself. — The  Sun,  New  York, 
Feb.  24th,  1885. 

GOETHE  : — Without  earnestness  there  is  nothing  to  be 
done  in  life  ;  yet  even  among  the  people  whom  we  call  men 
of  culture,  but  little  earnestn;ss  is  often  to  be  found;  in 
labors  and  employments,  in  arts,  nay,  even  in  recreations, 
they  plant  themselves,  if  I  may  say  so,  in  an  attitude  of  self- 
defence  ;  they  live,  as  they  read  a  heap  of  newspapers,  only 
to  be  done  with  them.  They  remind  one  of  that  young 
Englishman  at  Rome,  who  told,  with  a  contented  air,  one 
evening  in  some  company,  that  "  to-day  he  had  dispatched 
six  churches  and  two  galleries."  They  wish  to  know  and 
learn  a  multitude  of  things,  and  not  seldom  those  things 
with  which  they  have  the  least  concern ;  and  they  never 
see  that  hunger  is  not  appeased  by  snapping  at  the  air. 


j6  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

When  I  become  acquainted  with  a  man  my  first  -inquiry 
is  :  with  what  does  he  occupy  himself,  and  how,  and  with 
what  degree  of  perseverance  ?  The  answer  regulates  the 
interest  I  take  in  that  man  for  life. 

THE    PROBLEM    OF    THE   AGE. 

In  the  history  of  governments  through  ages  past  we 
find  that  whatever  the  system  under  which  they  were 
organized,  or  however  slow  or  rapid  their  development, 
the  chief  part  of  the  wealth  produced  by  the  hand  of  labor 
finally  reaches  the  pockets  of  the  few,  while  the  great  mass 
of  people  become  poorer  and  poorer.  This  unjust  division 
and  unequable  distribution  continues  until  the  populace 
either  become  slaves,  or,  by  rebellion,  the  government  is 
overthrown  and  a  new  one  established,  or  else  utter  ruin 
and  anarchy  follow  like  a  blight  and  punishment. 

The  question  is.  can  governments  be  so  constituted  as 
to  prevent  the  few  from  absorbing  such  a  large  per  cent, 
of  the  surplus  products  of  labor?  Can  just  and  equitable 
distribution  be  instituted  and  the  governments  be  per- 
petuated by  the  more  general  prosperity  and  consequent 
contentment  and  happiness  of  the  people  ?  This  is  the 
problem  of  the  age. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  jg 

SUGGESTIONS  — THE  CREDIT  FONCIER  OF 
SINALOA. 

WHEREAS,  The  past  and  present  systems  for  laying  out, 
governing  and  policing  cities  have  been  and  are  failures, 
lamentable  and  conspicuous  ; 

AND,  WHEREAS,  There  must  of  necessity  be  a  change  in 
the  system  for  laying  out,  governing  and  policing  cities, 
before  the  life  of  the  citizen  can  be  made  useful,  whole- 
some and  secure. 

AND,  WHEREAS,  There  cannot  be  equity  where  non-in- 
corporated persons  are  forced  to  struggle  for  existence 
against  incorporated  classes  ;  where  the  weak  and  unedu- 
cated have  to  combat  with  the  strong  and  cunning ;  where 
woman,  intelligent,  refined,  and  a  holder  of  property,  is  po- 
litically classed  with  felons,  minors  and  idiots ;  where  com- 
petition reigns  instead  of  co-operation  ;  where  independence 
takes  the  place  of  interdependence;  where  equality  is  at- 
tempted instead  of  equity ;  where  charity  is  offered  and 
justice  is  not  given  ;  and  where  "  Superior  "  and  "  Subordi- 
nate authority  "  is  practiced  to  the  exclusion  of  co-ordinate 
control. 

Therefore,  be  it  Resolved,  That  if  it  is  right  and  progres- 
sive that  several  persons  be  created  a  body  corporate,  and 
given  special  and  exclusive  privileges  to  build,  manage  and 
operate  railroads,  telegraphs,  banks,  gas-works,  water  sup- 
plies, etc.,  etc.,  that  it  is  proper  that  persons  wishing  to 
colonize  be  incorporated  with  special  powers  and  privi- 
leges, to  buy,  lay  out,  build  and  manage  towns  and  farms, 
in  every  one  of  their  varied  and  necessary  departments, 
that  the  common  and  private  interests  of  the  colonists, 
may  be  intelligently  started,  securely  guarded  and  forcibly 
advanced  in  storm  and  sunshine,  during  the  night  and  in 
the  day,  and  when  accident,  sickness  and  age  have  stop- 
ped his  or  her  usefulness. 


£0  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

And,  be  it  Resolved,  That  twenty-five  or  more  persons  be 
incorporated,  under  general  or  special  act,  a  "  Credit 
Foncier  " — a  colonization,  building,  deposit,,  loan  and  op- 
erating company  ;  and  proceed  to  locate  and  work  under 
the  general  colonization  laws  of  the  United  Mexican 
States  ;  that  the  said  "  Credit  Foncier  "  buy  the  control 
ing  interests  in  a  town  site  and  farm,*  lay  out  streets, 
roads,  etc.,  build,  furnish,  rent  and  sell  houses,  lots  and  gar- 
den  areas,  construct,  equip  and  operate  passenger  railways, t 
water  supplies,t  electric  powers,  motors,  lights,  etc.,  etc., 
open  houses  for  retail  a'nd  wholesale  purposes,  build  and 
control  schools,  markets,  theatres, §  hotels,  wharves,  ||  docks, 
etc.,  etc. 

*  Newcastle,  Delaware,  is  the  only  city  in  the  United  States,  which 
has  no  municipal  or  school  taxes  to  pay.  The  revenue  coming  in 
from  land  with  which  the  city  was  endowed  by  William  Penn  is  suffi- 
cient to  meet  the  expense  of  running  the  government. 

— The  land  belonging  to  Cornell  University  comprises  240  acres, 
of  which  120  is  specially  devoted  to  the  farm,  Not  originally  fertile, 
it  has  been  made  sufficiently  so  to  yield  about  $6000  annually  in  gross 
products. 

— The  government  of  the  incorporated  town  of  Starke,  in  Florida, 
is  carried  on  entirely  without  a  property  tax. 

— Venezuela  schools  are  supported  by  the  Federal  Government  from 
the  revenue  of  the  Post  Offices  and  a  trade-license  system. 

t  In  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  there  were,  January  1883,  twenty- 
six  street  railways,  belonging  to  local  authorities,  the  total  length  of 
which  was  more  than  150  mjles,  and  the  cost  a  little  over  $9,000,000. 
The  413  miles  of  road  belonging  to  private  individuals  cost  consider- 
ably over  $30.000.000. 

t  The  city  of  Charleston,  in  its  corporate  capacity,  is  about  to  un- 
dertake the  driving  of  the  deepest  artesian  well  in  the  world.  It  will 
be  driven  in  the  main  part  of  the  city,  as  it  is  expected  to  furnish 
4,000,000  gallons  of  water  per  day,  it  is  calculated,  with  the  two  simi- 
lar wells  already  down,  to  furnish  a  sufficient  supply  of  water  for  the 
entire  city  for  many  years.  The  new  well  will  be  2,000  feet  deep, 
will  be  at  least  six  inches  in  diameter  at  the  bottom,  and  is  to  be  com- 
pleted by  August,  1885. 

§  Paris  owns  and  manages  its  theatres. 

||  New  York  City  owns  and  leases  its  wharves. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION*.  21 

And,  be  it  Resolved,  That  said  "  Credit  Foncier  "  issue 
100,000  shares  of  capital  stock  of  $10  per  share  par  value  ; 
that  15,000  of  said  shares  be  sold  at  par  during  1885,  to 
persons  wishing  to  colonize  or  to  promote  such  interests  as 
herein  suggested  ;  that  from  the  receipt  of  said  sale  of 
15.000  of  said  shares,  there  be  $30,000  paid  for  15,000 
building  1015(3,750  square  feet  each) ;  that  $15,000  be 
paid  for  15,000  acres  of  choice  farm  land  near  the  town 
site  selected;  that  $10,000  be  paid  for  suitable  offices  for 
the  headquarters  of  said  "  Credit  Foncier  ;"  that  $20,000 
be  paid  to  build  and  furnish-  an  attractive  hotel  ;  that 
$10,000  be  paid  for  building  and  furnishing  ten  model 
houses  ;  that  $3,000  be  paid  to  erect  a  crematory  for  the  use 
of  the  colonists  ;*  that  $30,000  be  paid  for  the  controlling 
interests  in  a  pipe  line  of  capacity  sufficient  to  bring  not 
less  than  2,000,000  gallons  of  pure,  fresh  water  every  twenty- 
four  hours  upon  the  farm  lands  and  the  town  site  of  the 
colonists;  that  $15,000  be  paid  for  the  controlling  interest 
in  a  steamboat  to  keep  regular  communication  between  the 
colonists  and  the  outside  world  ;  that  $2,000  be  paid  to  es- 
tablish and  operate  a  weekly  paper ;  that  $5,000  interests 
be  taken  in  the  capital  stock  of  the  first  railroad  which  may 
run  to  the  town  site  and  farm  lands  of  the  colonists — pro- 
vided that  the  same  can  be  had  at  par  and  that  the  Colony 
have  a  directorship  in  said  company,  arid  that  the  remain- 
ing $10,000  be  used  for  the  necessary  expenses  contingent 
to  organization  and  to  the  first  operations  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  deposits,  loans  and  insurances  of  said  "  Credit 
Foncier." 

And,  be  it  Resolved,  That  said  "  Credit  Foncier  "  select 
for  its  first  location  "  Pacific  Colony  site,"  which  has  been 

* — Cremation  in  Paris  will  soon  be  available  for  the  general  public 
at  the  small  cost  of  $3  for  each  operation.  An  experimental  furnace 
is  being  constructed  at  Pere-la-Chaise,  on  the  principle  of  the  crema- 
tories at  Rome  and  Milan. 


23  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

laid  out  by  the  American  and  Mexican  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  on  the  north  shore  of  Topolobampo  harbor, 
Sinaloa,  Mexico ;  and  that  33^500  acres  of  farm  lands  be 
selected  from  the  ranch  known  as  "  Mochis,"  providing 
that  the  trustee  for  the  said  colony  site  agrees  to  sell 
15,000  lots  in  said  site  for  $30,000,  and  that  the  trustee 
for  the  said  "  Mochis  "  ranch  agrees  to  sell  15,000  acres 
of  said  ranch  for  $15,000  cash  ;  the  trustee  for  said  colony 
site  agreeing  further  to  pool  for  ten  years  with  said 
"  Credit  Foncier  "  lot-interests  sufficient  to  control  said 
colony  site,  and  the  trustee  of  said  "  Mochis "  ranch 
agreeing  to  give  said  "  Credit  Foncier  "  the  option  to  buy 
the  remaining  18.500  acres  of  said  "  Mochis  "  ranch  any 
time  within  two  years  at  the  cash  price  of  $i  (Mexican 
money)  per  acre.  The  said  "  Credit  Foncier "  agreeing 
that  as  soon  as  2,000  colonists  have  settled  upon  said 
"  Pacific  Colony  site,"  to  pay  to  said  trustee  $2  (Mexican 
money)  per  lot-interest  pooled  by  him  with  said  "  Credit 
Foncier ;  "  and  in  like  manner  for  said  price  and  at  the 
same  time  the  "  Credit  Foncier  "  will  settle  with  all  per- 
sons holding  interests  in  said  colony  site  ,  it  being  under- 
stood that  all  thoroughfares,  parks,  areas,  wharves,  shores, 
islands,  rocks,  etc.,  belonging  to  said  site  follow  the  said 
lots, — /.  <?.,  the  "  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  "  agrees  to 
buy  the  said  colony  site  for  $200,000  (Mexican  money), 
paying  $30,000  at  once,  and  when  2,000  colonists  have 
been  established,  to  pay  $170,000  more.  After  the  sale 
of  the  said  15,000  shares  have  been  made  the  stock  of  the 
"  Credit  Foncier "  will  be  sold  only  to  actual  settlers, 
and  after  all  the  said  shares  in  the  treasury  of  the 
"  Credit  Foncier "  have  been  sold,  then  the  "  Credit 
Foncier  "  will  call  in  and  buy,  at  par,  all  stock  of  the 
"  Credit  Foncier "  which  is  held  by  colonists  over  and 
above  the  number  of  shares  representing  property  actually 
used  and  improved. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OP  EKATION.  23 

And,  be  it  Resolved,  That  the  said  headquarters,  hotel, 
crematory  and  model  houses  be  built  on  the  said  Pacific 
Colony  site  ;  that  the  pipe  line  be  along  the  line  of  the 
American  and  Mexican  Pacific  Railroad  from  San  Bias  or 
Sufragio,  on  the  River  Fuerte  through  "  Mochis  "  to  Topo- 
lobampo  harbor ;  that  the  steamboat  of  the  colonists  ply 
between  Topolobampo  harbor  and  San  Francisco  and  the 
harbors  and  islands  of  the  Gulf  of  California  ;  that  the 
paper  be  called  "  The  Credit  Fonder  of  Sinaloa  ;  "  *  and 
that  the  railroad  shares  of  stock,  to  be  purchased,  be  the 
capital  stock  of  the  American  and  Mexican  Pacific  Rail- 
road, if  said  shares  can  be  bought  as  aforesaid. 

And,  be  it  Resolved,  That  the  said  lot-interests  be  sold  to 
actual  colonists,  in  series  No.  i,  2,  3,  etc. ;  that  series 
No.  i  be  500  lot-interests  for  $10  per  lot-interest,  and  with 
each  lot-interest  be  sold,  also,  one  share  of  the  capital 
stock  of  said  "  Credit  Foncier,"  at  par  ;  that  the  colonist 
selects  the  lot  or  lots,  he  or  she  wishes  to  build  upon  or 
improve  ;  suggests  the  style  and  cost  of  house  and  im- 
provements he  or  she  desires,  and  that  the  same  be  fur- 
nished by  said  "  Credit  Foncier,"  to  said  colonist,  at  cost, 
with  five  per  cent,  per  annum  added  for  the  use  of  the 
money. 

And,  be  it  Resolved,  That  if  a  colonist  wishes  to  improve 
one  block  of  ground  on  said  site,  which  contains  forty- 
eight  lot-interests,  the  colonist  can  buy  the  said  lot- 
interests  at  the  price  fixed  for  the  series  in  which  he  buys 
together  with  48  shares,  at  par,  of  the  capital  stock  of 
said  "Credit  Foncier;"  but  the  colonist  cannot  sell  lot- 
interests  or  Stock  of  the  "  Credit  Foncier,"  at  any  time,  to 
other  body  than  the  "  Credit  Foncier  ;  "  all  lot-interests 

*  The  popular  newspaper  in  Madrid  has  no  managing  editor.  A 
dozen  reporters  secure  the  news  and  drop  their  manuscripts  in  a  bag 
where  they  stay  until  the  foreman  wants  copy.  He  pulls  out,  indis- 
criminately, enough  to  fill  up,  and  with  the  matter  fixed  in  the  forms 
in  the  most  convenient  way,  the  paper  goes  to  press. 


2AT  'INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

v     .    ->  4L.  .. 

and  "Credit  Foncier"  stock  sales  and  the  conditions  of 
the  same  being  forever  reserved  by  said  "  Credit  Foncier." 

And,  be  it  Rcs&lrcd,  That  said  "  Credit  Foncier''  be  con- 
trolled by. a  Board  of  Directors  elected  by,  from  and  fol 
the  stockholders ;  that  said  Directors  elect  their  Chair- 
man, and  that  said  Chairman  form  the  necessary  co-ordi- 
nate departments  from  the  said  Directors. 

And,  be  it  Resolved,  That  the  said  departments  to  begin 
with,  be  as  follows  :  Department  on  deposits,  loans, 
insurances,  and  the  ways  and  means  of  payments  ;  De- 
partment on  surveys,  buildings,  improvements,  streets, 
parks,  wharves,  etc.  ;  Department  on  laws,  by-laws,  arbi- 
trations and  registrations ;  Department  on  the  employ- 
ment of  motors,  powers,  lights  and  heats;  Department  on 
policing,  sewerage  and  cleanliness;  Department  on  trans- 
portation of  persons,  baggage,  parcels  and  communica- 
tions; Department  for  the  diversification  and  perfection 
of  employments  among  and  of  the  stockholders;  Depart- 
ment.on  educations,  instructions,  amusements  and  baths; 
Department  on  farming,  forestry,  stock-raising,  game  and 
fish  culture  and  preservation;  Department  of  surgeons, 
nurses,  pharmacy,  chemistry  and  commissariat. 

And,  be-  it  Resolved,  That  said  directors  be  paid  salaries, 
never  to  exceed  $100  per  month;  that  a  printed  list  of 
every  class  of  service  be  posted  at  the  headquarters  of 
each  of  said  Departments,  and  all  moneys  so  received  be 
paid  into  the  Department  on  deposits,  loans,  insurances,  and 
the  ways  and  means  of  payments,  and  that  the  report  of 
each  Department  be  published  officially  every  month,  and 
authorized  copies  be  sent  to  each  stockholder. 

ARGUMENT. 

The  lands  on  and  adjacent  to  Topolobampo  harbor, 
Sinaloa,  Mexico,  present  an  attractive  basis,  and  the  sug- 
gestions hereinaboye  written  formulate  a  plan  by  which  a 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPEKATION 


Hew  York  to  Topolobampo 
"  "  San  Diego  .  . 
14  "  San  Francisco 
"  "  Portland  .  . 


Miles. 
.  2,261 
.2,426 

.  2,565 
•  2,437 


26  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

colony  of  500,  or  a  nation  of  600,000,000  people  may  be 
united  intelligently,  forcibly  and  amicably. 

The  site  for  "  Pacific  Colony  "  has  been  laid  out  upon  a 
carefully  studied  plan,  and  after  many  years'  experience 
with  the  practical  workings  of  city  regulations  and  exten- 
sions, and  is  designed  to  meet  the  present  and  future 
requirements  of  a  great  commercial,  manufacturing  and 
agricultural  commonwealth.  Its  geographical  relations 
with  North,  Central  and  South  America ;  with  the  island 
worlds  of  the  Pacific  ;  with  Europe  and  Asia ;  its  imme- 
diate back-country  resources  and  its  climate  combine 
to  speak  for  "  Pacific  Colony  "  site  an  immediate  and  con- 
spicuous influence  in  the  world's  exchanges.  It  lies  on 
a  direct  line,  drawn  through  New  Orleans  and  Galveston, 
and  at  a  distance  of  1400  miles  by  railroad  routes  from 
the  former;  less  than  noo  miles  by  railroad  routes  from 
the  latter ;  1326  miles  by  steamship  lines  from  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  within  200  miles  from  Guaymas,  which  is  six 
days,  by  railroad  from  New  York  City.  It  is  in  the  zone 
of  empire,  conquest  and  commerce,  and  in  the  latitude  of 
the  Hawaiian  and  Philippine  Islands,  Canton,  Calcutta, 
Muscat,  Mecca,  Thebes,  and  the  Bahamas.  While  ocean 
currents  and  trade  winds  facilitate  departures  to  Japan, 
China,  and  Australia,  no  snows. or  floods  interrupt  access 
to  it  from  the  Texas  ports  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.* 

*  W.  BARROWS,  D.  D. : — Moreover,  the  commerce  of  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi  tends  naturally  to  an  outlet  through  Mexico  to  the  Pa- 
cific and  the  ancient  east.  That  valley  is  larger  by  one-half  than  the 
Old  Roman  Empire,  and  is  drained  into  the  Mexican  Gulf  by  more 
than  15,000  miles  of  navigable  rivers.  Few  people  realize  how  much 
nearer  it  is  from  the  valley  to  the  Pacific  by  going  across  Mexico  than 
by  using  our  own  railroads.  New  Orleans  may  be,  and  soon  will  be, 
726  miles  nearer  to  the  Pacific  than  to  San  Francisco.  Even  St.  Louis 
will  soon  be  650  miles  nearer  to  the  Pacific  by  rail  than  it  now  is  to 
San  Francisco.  Interior  Omaha,  the  last  large  eastern  city  before  we 
enter  the  west  proper,  and  so  far  on  the  way  to  the  Pacific  at  San 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPEKATJOA'. 


!  Chicago  to  Topolobampo  . 
„  "  San  Diego  .  . 
**  "  San  Francisco 
•«  "  Portland  .  .  . 


Mile*. 


x'753 


28  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

Pamphlets  and  maps  have  been  published  to  show  the 
importance  of  Topolobampo  harbor,  and  its  relations  with 
the  commercial  and  political  centres  of  the  world,  and 
details  have  been  given,  with  illustrations  of  the  avenues, 
streets,  walks  and  diagonals  ;  the  parks,  circles,  wharves, 
quays,  etc.,  etc.,  of  the  said  Colony  site  on  its  shores.  It 
remains  at  this  time  necessary  to  mention  only  a  few  con- 
trolling ideas  in  connection  with  the  proposition  to  settle 
and  manage  this  or  other  well-chosen  sites  in  the  interest  of 
those  ivhd  may  determine  fo  colonize  upon  the  same. 

How  to  obtain  a  home  in  this  world  of  ours  ;  how  to 
make  it  comfortable,  attractive,  wholesome,  secure,  and  at 
the  same  time  keep  its  privacy  sacred  and  its  surroundings 
beautiful,  instructive  and  progressive,  is  paramount  to  all 
and  to  any  other  question  which  can  possibly  force  itself 
upon  the  serious  consideration  of  the  men  and  women  of 
our  day  and  race. 

The  home  is  the  palladium  of  civilized  life.  A  city  is 
made  up  of  many  homes.  A  nation  is  the  aggregation  of 
many  cities.  Half  a  dozen  nations  rule  the  world. 

No  life  is  worth  living  which  is  not  home-life.  Permit 
the  sacredness  of  home  to  be  violated  within,  surround 
the  home  with  evil  associations,  and  its  virtue  is  tarnished, 
insecurity  fills  the  minds  of  its  inmates,  the  sacred- 
ness  of  the  home  circle  is  marred,  the  family  goes  from  bad 
to  worse,  the  city  becomes  a  den  of  thieves,  poisonous 
gases  and  foul  odors  arise  from  corner  and  thoroughfare, 

Francisco,  is  150  miles'nearer  the  Mexican  way,  "as  the  crow  flies." 
And  in  the  triumphs  of  science  and  money  combined,  locomotives  are 
getting  quite  in  the  way  of  going  as  the  crow  does:  New  York  is  784 
miles  nearer  the  Pacific  through  Mexico  than  by  the  Golden  Gate;  or, 
to  put  the  case  more  boldly  for  Pacific  commerce,  San  Antonio,  a 
leading  Texan  city,  is  339  miles  nearer  to  the  Pacific  than  it  is  to  St. 
Louis,  taking  rail  direct  each  way.  Undoubtedly  commerce  will  soon 
take  the  shortest  route  to  market,  and  the  laws  of  trade  will  soon  pre- 
pare the  ways  for  the  laws  of  nations. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  2g 

nothing  is  certain  but  taxes  *  and  individual  and  public 
bankruptcy,  rum-counters,  pawn-shops  and  bawdy-houses 
are  met  with  at  every  turn,  the  mind  becomes  callous  to 
the  sufferings,  miseries  and  debaucheries  it  sees  every- 
where and  at  all  times,  gamblers  become  *'  respectable,'1 
brokers  corner  the  necessaries  of  life,  bakers  poison  the 
bread  they  sell,  grocers  adulterate  their  commodities,  col- 
leges become  boat-houses  and  athletic  clubs,  brute  sluggers 
take  prizes,  dog  fights  are  encouraged,  political  ringsters 
secure  control  of  governments,  corporations  seize  upon  the 
common  interests  of  the  masses,  "  the  boodle"  becomes  the 
aim  of  the  people,  the  crafty  and  unprincipled  lord  it  over 
the  industrious  and  unsuspecting,  disease  and  crime  take 
possession  of  the  nation.* 

Our  earth  to-day,  offers  no  refuge — not  a  single  locality 
where  a  home  can  he  made  comfortable,  secure  and  beauti- 
ful, and  at  the  same  time  surrounded  with  the  conveniences, 
instructions  and  attractions  wished  for  by  an  educated 
and  thoughtful  person  (Appendix.  No.  6).  Non-manufac- 
turing people  are  negative,  if  not  actually  the  miserable 
relics  of  effete  grandeur  and  monstrous  excesses.  Manu- 
facturing nations  have  rushed  from  poverty  to  luxury,  have 
forgotten  all  lessons  worthy  of  remembrance,  have  fallen 

*  1880 — The  total  bounded  indebtedness  of  the  300  towns  and  cities 
in  the  United  States,  containing  a  population  of  11,350,772  is  $664,346, 
913  or  $58.53  per  capita.  Of  this  amount  $6, 169,723  is  held  at  10  per 
cent,  ;  $11,000  at  9  per  cent.  ;  $18,864,007  at  8  per  cent.  ;  $356,500  at 
7^  per  cent.  ;  $16,385,500  at  7.3  per  cent.;  $188,265,829  at  7  per 
cent.  ;  $1,551,104  at  6^  per  cent.  ;  $304,206,158  at  6  per  cent.  ; 
$5i5,oooat  5£  per  cent.;  $98,642,617  at  5  per  cent;  $4,688,150  at  4$ 
percent.;  $21,458,835  at  4  per  cent.  ;  $983.100  at  4  per  cent  ;  and 
$2,  250,040  at  3  per  cent. 

The  report  of  the  housing  of  the  poor  states  that  the  single-room  sys- 
tem for  families  is  spreading  in  central  London,  where,  notwithstanding 
88  per  cent,  of  the  poor  pay  more  than  one-fifth  of  their  income  in 
rent,  twelve  persons  of  different  families  were  in  some  cases  found  in 
one  room. 


30  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

into  the  hands  of  lawyers,  and  "  their  clients  "  have  become 
privileged  classes  to  rob  and  plunder,  by  legal  enactment, 
those  who  are  non-incorporated. 

The  Continent  of  North  America  has  within  itself 
the  elements  for  all  reforms  required.  Bad  as  are  its 
governments  to-day,  its  lands  and  people  offer  the  only 
basis  for  early  and  permanent  improvements  to  be  found 
on  our  planet.  One  day.  North  America  will  dictate  the. 
policy  to  the  States  confederated  from  Behring  Sea  to 
Cape  Horn  and  across  it  the  100,000,000  people  of  Europe 
and  the  600,000,000  of  Asia  will  make  their  visits  and  ex- 
changes. Mexico  (Appendix  No.  7)  is  the  best  locality  in 
North  America  for  a  colony  to  start  a  matured  and  pro- 
gressive plan  for  town,  farm,  factory  and  commerce,  because 
Mexico  presents  virgin  soil,  great  resources  and  good 
climate  removed  from  the  evil  influences  of  the  now  popular 
trade  and  political  centres  of  the  world,  which  would  be 
likely  to  threaten,  if  not  crush,  attempts  at  new  and  vigor- 
ous  incorporated  community  life  based  upon  home  life  kepi 
inviolate  and  public  properties  controlled  in  the  interest  of  the. 
citizen.  And  again,  by  the  time  the  colony  would  be  able 
to  stand  quite  alone,  independent  of  other  communities 
and  interdependent  in  its  internal  relations,  it  would 
be  joined  by  railroads  and  steamships  to  the  trading 
marts  of  our  own  and  other  Continents,  and  then 
its  example  of  peaceful,  industrial  and  successful  life,  and 
above  all  the  security  within  itself,  would  be  more  likely  to 
influence  others  than  be  interfered  with  by  them.  The 
Regency  of  San  Marino,  Italy,  (24  square  miles,  pop.  8,500), 
in  its  community  of  land  interests;  the  State  of  Andorra, 
Spain  (191  square  miles,  pop.  8,000),  which  holds  and  works 
its  iron  mines  in  common  ;  Malta,  in  the  non-taxation  of 
its  citizens ;  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  in  its  harmony  of  pur- 
pose ;  Newcastle,  Delaware,  in  its  control  of  land  estates ; 
Zoar,  Ohio,  the  "  land  of  refuge,"  in  its  self-reliance  and 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  31 

correct  life  ;  Boston,  Mass.,  in  the  ownership  and  operation 
of  its  ferries  across  Charles  river;  Pullman,  111.,  in  the 
responsible  management  from  its  start ;  New  York  city,  in 
holding  possession  of  its  wharves  and  of  the  East  River 
Bridge  (which  is  as  much  a  highway  as  are  its  streets)  ; 
St.  Pierre,  Island  of  Guernsey,  in  the  building,  control,  and 
payment  for  its  Market  House ;  British  towns,  in  building, 
owning  and  operating  their  street  cars,  water  and  gas 
works  ;  M.  Godin,  of  Guise,  France,  with  his  manufacturing 
community  ;  England,  Germany  and  France,  with  their 
commercial  and  manufacturing  co-operative  associations, 
etc.,  etc.,  give  us  a  basis  to  improve  and  inaugurate  upon 
a  large,  lasting  and  scientific  basis. 


EXPLANATIONS. 

"Pacific  Colony  "  will  be  controlled  from  its  inception  by 
a  financially  strong,  intellectually  vigorous  and  morally 
responsible  body  corporate — a  "Credit  Foncier  "  with  full 
powers  and  special  privileges  to  put  into  practice  the  ac- 
cepted principles  of  a  co-operative  community  of  farm, 
factory  and  commerce. 

The  fulcrum  of  a  co-operative  community  or  colony  is  a 
Department  of  Deposits  and  Loans  thoroughly  organized. 
{Appendix  No  8).  A  branch  of  this  department  will  be 
where  services  are  made  to  offset  services  and  where 
balances  are  settled  by  means  of  a  "  unit  of  account/'  and 
its  decimals  and  multiples  made  a  legal  tender  by  and 
between  those  who  issue  it  {Appendix  No,  5).  The  equity 
and  comprehensiveness  of  the  management  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Deposits  and  Loans  will  be  the  test  by  which  the 
colony  will  be  judged  by  the  new  civilization  which  is  to 
follow  co-operative  movements. 

The  colonists  will  be  associated  partners  in  a  business 
firm  and  can  facilitate  the  exchange  of  their  services  by 


2?  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

means  of  a  perfected  system  of  accounts  in  credits  and  debit* 
entered  upon  the  firm's  books  by  the  cashier  (Department 
of  Deposits  and  Loans)  in  the  same  method  used  by  the 
Venetians  at  their  bank  between  1171  and  1797,  A.D. 
For  convenience  the  colonists  can  have  their  book-credits 
cashed  with  the  said  "  units  of  account"  thereby  leaving 
"pot-metal coins  "  and  "bank-credit  currencies"  in  the  con- 
trol of  said  "  Credit  Foncier  "  to  settle  balances  for  out- 
side exchanges,  which  may  be  large  during  the  first  two 
years  of  the  colony. 

The  Department  for  the  Diversification  and  Perfection  of 
Employments  *  is  to  foster,  instruct  and  establish  the  colo- 
nists, to  the  best  advantage,  in  their  trades,  professions  in- 
ventions and  talents;  and  this  will  secure  the  production 
and  manufacture  of  most  of  the  necessaries  and  some  of  the 
luxuries  of  life  by  the  time  5,000  persons  have  settled 
upon  the  colony's  lands.  The  colonist  after  that  will  be  a 
seller  rather  than  a  buyer.  The  climate  being  one  free 
from  frost  and  the  soil  unsurpassed,  growth  will  be  continu- 
ous if  there  is  a  supply  of  water.  The  pipe  line  assures 
this  ;  hence,  within  two  years  after  the  start,  the  farm  of  the 
colonists  will,  in  all  probability,  produce  cereals,  melons, 
vegetables,  cotton,  hemp,  indigo,  coffee,  mustard,  sugar, 
rice,  molasses,  maguey  fibre,  alcohol,  mescal  (iov  medicinal 
purposes),  fibrous  grasses,  hay,  clover,  fruits,  seeds,  plants, 
young  trees,  cattle,  horses,  mules,  burros,  goats,  sheep,  hogs, 
rabbits,  poultry,  etc.,  etc.  From  the  harbor  they  will  take  fish, 
turtle  and  oysters.  From  the  Gulf  shores  and  islands,  pearl 
shells  (for  buttons),  salt,  gypsum,  guano,  etc.,  etc.  From  the 
woods  and  sea  shores,  deer,  wild  hogs  (peccary),  the  Ameri- 
can hare,  quail,  turkey,  snipe,  ducks,  etc.,  etc.  Their  factor- 
ies will  dry  and  can  fish,  turtle  and  oysters  for  the  coast  counj 

*  Every  common  trade  in  Amsterdam  has  a  Government  shop,  at 
which  deserving  people  are  given  work  incase  of  necessity.  The  price 
paid  them  is  small,  and  the  goods  made  are  used  by  the  Government, 
instead  of  being  sold.  The  system  is  said  to  work  very  satisfactorily. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION'.  33 

try,  the  sierras  and  the  plateaux ;  and  manufacture  paper  and 
woolen  goods,  cotton  sheeting  (?nanta\  scrapes  (Mexican 
blankets),  ropes,  twine,  bagging  (made  from  the  fibre  of 
the  maguey),  leather,  paper  pulp  (from  palm  wood  and  the 
aloe  family  of  plants),  soap,  lard,  butter,  pickled  and 
preserved  meats,  canned  vegetables,  fish,  turtle  and  oys- 
ters, bread,  crackers,  flour,  corn  and  oatmeal,  bricks, 
tiles,  earthenware,  glass,  concrete  pipes,  composition  pave- 
ments, floors  and  roofs,  furniture  (willow,  rattan,  paper, 
brass  and  iron  suitable  for  warm  and  dry  climates),  ham- 
mocks, shoes,  hats,  (straw,  palm-leaf  and  felt),  saddles, 
bridles,  harness,  works  in  iron,  steel,  copper  and  brass ; 
smelting  works  for  reducing  all  classes  of  ores  from  the 
Sierras,  car  shops,  blacksmith  shops,  daily  papers,  job 
printing,  type  and  cyclostyle  writing,  photography,  litho- 
graphic and  patented  processes,  musical  instructions, 
educational  facilities,  bank  accommodations  with  exchanges 
upon  all  parts  of  the  world,  circulating  libraries,  medical 
and  chemical  experts,  hotel  accommodations,  electric 
motors,  heats  and  intelligences,  expressages  to  all  parts 
of  the  world  ;  lumber,  coal,  general  commission  agencies 
for  all  articles  of  agriculture,  sustenance,  clothing  and 
utility  used  in  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  Lower  California  and 
Northwestern  Mexico ;  draughtsmen,  contractors  for 
houses,  railroads,  etc.,  etc.  ;  engineers,  etc.,  etc. ;  all  kind 
of  needlework  and  fancy  sewing,  etc.,  etc. 

With  the  balance  of  trade  in  favor  of  the  colony,  its 
"  u-tiits  of  account "  will  be  eagerly  sought  for  by  outside 
merchants,  for  they  will  be  bills  of  exchange  bottomed 
upon  the  products  of  the  farm,  fisheries,  factories,  etc., 
etc.,  of  the  colonists.  And  the  colonists  can  within  firt 
years  be  made  the  greatest  center  for  distributing  supplies 
on  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America  south  of  San 
Francisco. 

Again,  the  colonists  will  own  the  controlling  interest  in- 
a  steamship  which  will  ply  between  their  harbor  and  the 


34  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

ports  and  islands  of  the  Gulf  of  California  and  elsewhere, 
and  the  said  "  units  of  account"  will  be  receivable  in  pay- 
ment for  freights  and  passages;  also  for  water  rents  along 
their  pipe  line  ;  and,  as  the  American  and  Mexican  Pacific 
Railroad  is  identified  largely  with  the  interests  of  the 
colony,  and  as  the  colonists  will  own  fifty  shares  of  its 
capital  stock  and  have,  at  least,  one  Director  in  its  Board, 
it  may  be  arranged  that  said  "  units  of  account"  be  received 
at  par  for  tickets  and  bills  of  lading  over  its  lines. 

In  these  and  in  other  ways  too  numerous  to  note  at  this 
writing,  the  "  units  of  account"  issued  by  the  "  Credit  Fon- 
cier  "  upon  the  actual  and  specified  credits  of  the  colo- 
nists will  for  all  useful  purposes  serve  as  money  and  be  a 
perfect  and  equitable  instrument  of  association  and  ex- 
change and  a  bond  of  union  and  good  fellowship  between 
the  colonists  and  with  those  with  whom  they  may  do 
business. 

Another  branch  of  the  Department  of  Deposits  and 
Loans  is  that  of  Insurance.  To  avoid  the  possibility  of 
poverty  and  unnecessary  discomforts  to  colonists  in  case 
of  accident,  sickness,  age,  fire,  storm  and  death  every 
member  should  be  insured,  and,  above  all,  every  able-bodied 
colonist  will  be  insured  regular  and  remunerative  employment 
for  every  working  day  in  the  year.  In  case  of  physical 
injury  or  sickness,  nurses,  medicines,  food,  doctor,  and  an 
allowance  in  credits  will  be  furnished ;  in  consequence  of 
the  infirmities  of  age,  food,  attendants  and  a  fixed  rate  of 
credits  will  be  given ;  in  the  event  of  damage  by  fire  or 
storm,  etc.,  the  losses  will  be  made  good :  at  death,  the 
body  will  be  taken  in  charge  by  a  branch  of  the  Depart- 
ment on  Policing,  etc.,  and,  within  twenty-four  (24)  hours, 
will  be  cremated  and  the  ashes  returned  to  the  relatives. 
Exceptions  will  be  made  to  this  rule  when  a  person  has 
given  his  or  her  body  to  the  doctors,  for  post-mortem  ex- 
aminations in  the  cause  of  science,  or  expressed  desire 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  35 

that  other  disposition  be  made  of  it.  Sanitary  law  en- 
forces strict  rules  regarding  corpses.  The  insurrance  for 
widows  and  orphans  will  be  for  credits,  not  less  than  $1,000, 
nor  more  than  $10,000  for  each  person. 

The  insurances  will  be  accomplished  by  reserving  certain 
percentages  from  dividends  due  upon  the  capital  stock  of 
the  "  Credit  Fonder." 

There  will  not  be  any  municipal,  county,  school  c-:" 
capita  tax  at  any  time  upon  any  person.* 

A  colonist  will  not  be  permitted  to  borrow  money  from 
other  body  than  the  "  Credit  Fonder."  At  the  general 
Market  House  and  Bazaar,  all  products,  grown  and  made 
by  the  colonist,  will  be  received  upon  presentation, f  valued 
and  credited  upon  the  books  of  the  colony,  and  those 
credits  will  be  legal  tender  in  exchange  for  any  article  or 

*  A  MODEL  GOVERNMENT. — In  the  last  number  of  the  Consular 
Reports  Mr.  Worthington,  United  States  Consul  at  Malta,  gives  an 
account  of  the  government  of  that  little  country,  which  he  claims  to 
be  a  model  one  It  would  certainly  prove  a  happy  land  to  those  who 
dislike  taxes,  debts,  interest,  etc.  There  a.ce  absolutely  no  taxes  of 
any  kind  levied  on  the  inhabitants.  There  are  no  insurance  rates  to 
pay,  because  all  the  buildings  are  fire-proof.  There  is  no  fire  depart- 
ment in  Malta,  and  no  need  of  one.  The  islands  have  no  debt,  and, 
therefore,  no  interest  to  pay.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are  not  only 
out  of  debt  but  the  local  government  has  a  handsome  surplus  on  hand 
of  $1,250,000,  which  is  invested  in  the  English  funds,  returning  them 
a  revenue  yearly.  Every  revenue  department  pays  a  surplus  into  the 
local  treasury  after  paying  all  expenses,  and  the  surplus  thus  accumu- 
lated is  growing  so  rapidly  that  it  is  proposed  to  divide  it  among  the 
inhabitants,  as  there  is  actually  no  use  for  it. 

The  regulation  tax  in  Nebraska  City  is  27  mills  on  the  dollar,  and 
every  able-bodied  man  between  the  ages  of  21  and  50  is  required  to 
do  two  days'  labor  or  give  its  equivalent  in  cash. 

t  In  this  way  individuality  is  encouraged  and  talent,  workmanship 
and  skill  rewarded,  not  in  exceptional,  but  in  every  case  ;  and  the 
occasion  for  "  business  firms,"  "  co-partnerships,"  associated  and 
privileged  capita,!,  organized  to  compete  against  individual  effort,  is 
done  away  with. 


3$  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

service  for  sale  within  the  colony.  The  agents  will  report 
every  day  if  the  supply  of  such  and  such  a  thing  is  wanted 
or  not,  and  the  Department  for  the  diversification  of 
Trades  and  the  employment  of  the  colonists  will  increase 
or  diminish  the  manufacture  or  growth  of  said  articles  at 
once.  Again,  the  colonist  will  be  encouraged  to  buy  from 
the  authorized  agents  of  the  colony.*  This  will  avoid  the 
results  of  unnecessary  middlemen. 

The  Department  of  Laws,  By-Laws,  Arbitrations  and 
Registrations  will  first  fix  the  rules  and  regulations  under 
which  the  partners  (colonists)  associate  themselves  based 
upon  the  joint  control  in  public  properties,  necessities  and 
conveniences,  and  the  enjoyments  of  home  life  under  the 
broadest  liberties  practicable  with  dignity,  safety  and 
progress. 

The  colonist  should  be  subjected  to  an  examination 
similar  to  that  required  by  a  life  insurance  company  when 
he  or  she  is  to  enjoy  the  accident  and  life  insurances.! 
He  or  she  should  be  sound  in  body,  sober,  moral  and  in- 
dustrious ;  and  all  should  have  read  tne  principles  upon 
which  the  colony  is  founded,  and  have  subscribed  his  or 

*  It  is  estimated  that  the  poor,  buying  in  small  quantities,  incur  un- 
necessary expense  in  the  following  ratio  :  For  an  ounce  of  washing 
soda  the  poor  trading  at  small  shops  pay  I  cent,  a  grocer  will  deliver 
it  for  3  cents  a  pound.  For  flour  by  the  pound  they  pay  a  sum  equal 
to  $9.80  a  barrel  for  a  $5  article.  They  buy  butter  at  the  rate  of  $5  a 
tub,  which  would  cost  $250.  A  half-pound  of  sugar  costs  them  5 
cents,  while  a  pound  would  be  but  2  cents  more.  For  a  25-cent  tea 
they  pay  40  cents.  For  a  i5-cent  coffee  they  pay  30. 

t  A  Belgian  manufacturer  named  Rey,  who  employs  3000  people, 
retains  3  per  cent,  of  their  wages  and  agrees  to  provide  a  physician  when 
they  are  taken  sick.  While  unable  to  work  from  illness,  the  employee 
gets  half  pay,  and  meat  and  wine,  if  necessary.  If  a  workman  dies, 
his  widow  gets  a  pension  of  one-third  of  his  wages  if  he  had  been  in 
the  works  for  ten  years,  and  one-half  the  wages  if  over  ten  years.  A 
pension  for  life  is  given  to  all  invalids  who  have  been  fifteen  years  in 
his  employ, 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  ** 

her  name  to  the  by-laws  submitted.  Every  colonist  must 
hold  a  share  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  "  Credit  Foncier," 
choose  a  lot  or  lots  in  t.he  area  set  aside  for  its  settlements, 
and  order  a  house  built  and,  if  desired,  furnished  bv  the 
"  Credit  Foncier,"  the  same  to  be  within  the  private  means 
of  the  colonist,  or  to  be  based  upon  the  income  which  the 
American  and  Mexican  Pacific  or  the  "Credit  Foncier" 
will  guarantee  to  the  said  colonist.  Every  colonist  should 
have  an  occupation,  excepting  those  who  have  attained 
the  age  of  fifty  years  or  met  with  accident.  Twenty  years 
for  childhood  and  rudimentary  instruction,  and  thirty 
years  attention  to  business,  should  guarantee  a  person 
freedom  in  all  cases  for  leisure,  travel,  etc.  Eight  hours 
for  work,  eight  for  recreation,  and  eight  for  sleep,  should 
be  the  order.  Public  entertainment  or  gathering  should 
not  be  permitted  after  TO  P.  M.  To  enjoy  good  health 
there  must  be  good  habits  enjoined.  The  rates  of  insur- 
ance should  be  higher  if  this  be  not  enforced.  Every  bey 
and  girl  will  be  taught  a  trade  while  being  instructed  in 
rudimentary  education,  and  both  will  be  free  and  perfected 
at  the  expense  of  the  general  fund  set  aside  for  such  pur- 
poses.* When  boys  and  girls  born  in  the  colony  attain 
the  age  of  twenty  years  they  will  be  presented  by  the 
Treasurer  of  the  colony  with  a  share  of  capital  stock  of 
the  "  Credit  Foncier,"  fully  paid  and  unassessable,  until 
the  100,000  shares  are  exhausted,  before  and  after  which 
other  colonies  may  be  started  by  the  "  Credit  Foncier," 
upon  improved  plans.  Early  marriages  will  be  encour- 
aged. Men  and  women  marrying  before  thirty  years  of 
age  should  be  given  $100  credit  each  upon  the  books  of 

*  GAIL  HAMILTON:  "  To  give  life  to  a  sentient  being  without  being 
able  to  make  provision  to  turn  life  to  the  best  account;  to  give  life, 
careless  whether  it  will  be  a  bane  or  a  boon  to  its  recipient,  is  the  sin 
of  sins.  Every  other  sin  mars  what  it  finds;  this  makes  what  it  mart. 


3g  INTEGRAL  COOPERATION. 

the  colony.*  Bachelors  of  thirty  or  over  should  be  taxed, 
and  the  revenue  thus  received  be  appropriated  to  the  free 
circulating  library. 

Eclecticism  in  "religious,"  the  same  as  in  all  other 
matters,  will  be  encouraged. t  Weekly  lectures  or  sermons 
should  be  given  by  request  or  voluntarily  at  the  public 
meeting  houses  and  library  halls  (Appendix,  No.  9),  by  the 
colonists  and  strangers,  but  they  should  be  free  to  all 
with  no  pew,  chair  or  other  rents  attached,  and  every 
encouragement  be  associated  with  such  meetings  to  attract 
and  instruct  the  colonists  and  "  the  stranger  within  their 
gates."  It  is  suggested  that  in  the  plain,  quiet,  indus- 
trious and  dignified  life  enjoyed  and  practiced  by  the 
"  Society  of  Friends,"  better  known  as  "  Quakers,"  we 
have  a  worthy  example.  They  have  no  paid  ministry  or 
priesthood,  and  their  life  is  so  near  regular  and  free  from 
excesses  that  no  poverty  exists  with  them,  no  criminals  are 
found  among  them,  and  "  charity  institutions  "  become 
unnecessary. 

Sunday  will  be  a  day  of  rest  and  recreation — a  day 
when  home  life  will  be  enjoyed,  it  is  hoped,  in  its  broadest, 
and  to  its  fullest  intent.  Strict  sanitary  measures  will  be 
enforced  at  all  times  and  in  all  places,  public  and  private. 

*The  Mail  and  Express,  New  Yorlc,  Feb.  2Oth,  1885:— 

"  Paternal  legislation  is  the  order  of  the  day  in  California.  A  recent 
bill  introduced  in  the  Assembly  of  that  State  gives  to  any  young  man 
under  26  years  of  age,  who  learns  a  trade  by  serving  an  apprenticeship 
of  three  years,  and  is  of  good  moral  character,  $250  out  of  the  State 
treasury.  Perhaps  we  shall  hear  next  of  a  bill  requiring  employers 
to  double  the  salary  of  any  employee  who  gets  married." 

"  California  is  to  print,  and  sell  at  cost,  the  text  books  used  by  the 
quarter  of  a  million  school  children  in  that  State.  One  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars  is  appropriated  for  the  plant  of  the  State  print- 
ing office." 

t  Zend  Avesta:  We  worship  the  promotion  of  all  good,  all  which 
is  very  beautiful,  shining,  immortal,  bright,  everything  which  is  good 


'  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  39 

The  atmosphere  belongs  to  the  people  in  common,  and  its 
purity  should  not  be  marred  under  any  excuse  whatsoever. 
Horses,  cows,  mules,  jackasses,  goats,  sheep,  hogs,  poultry, 
etc.,  will  be  confined  to  the  farm  lands,  and  not  be  per- 
mitted within  the  settled  parts  of  Pacific  Colony  site. 
Birds,  (those  living  on  seeds  and  insects,)  squirrels 
and  small  pet  animals  may  be  allowed  under  certain  con- 
ditions, upon  Pacific  Colony  site  properties,  when  per- 
mits are  taken  out  and  paid  for.  Gambling,  lotteries, 
and  questionable  occupations  of  men  and  women  will  not 
be  permitted  within  Pacific  Colony  site — upon  the  farm  or 
in  the  ship,  car,  or  on  property  of  whatsoever  description 
controlled  by  the  "Credit  Foncier."  Colonists  engaging  \ 
in  questionable  diversion  or  occupation,  or  violating  the  ( 
by-laws  of  the  Colony,  will  be  waited  upon  privately  by 
an  authorized  committee  and  cautioned.  If  he  or  she  per. 
sists,  his  or  her  stock  in  the  "  Credit  Foncier  "  and  his  or  her 
real  estate  in  the  colony  will  be  forfeited,  and  the  "  Credit 
Foncier  "  will  pay  him  or  her  the  cost  price  of  the  same, 
and  publicly  advise  the  colonists  to  have  no  association  or 
transaction  with  the  person  or  persons.  Insurance  com- 
panies foreclose  when  one  payment  is  in  default,  and  *.here 
is  no  recovery.  The  Pullman  Car  Company  turns  a  tenant 
out  of  his  or  her  home  within  ten  days,  and  without  having 
to  give  a  cause. 

The  "  Credit  Foncier  "  wishes  to  be  equitable  in  ^very 
act.*  "  Do  unto  others  as  you  would  that  they  would  do 
unto  you,"  is  the  basis  of  its  creation  and  the  spirit  o$  its 
existence. 

All  liquors,  medicines,  groceries,  meats,  breadstuffs, 
provisions  and  drinks  of  whatever  class  used  by  the  col- 
onists and  by  the  stranger  within  their  gates,  will  be  fur- 

*  SOLON,  B.  C.,  500:  The  nearest  perfect  popular  government  is 
that  in  which  an  injury  offered  to  the  meanest  individual  is 
an  insult  upon  the  whole  constitution. 


40  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATfON. 

nished  at  cost  price  and  in  good  condition  by  the  branch 
department  known  as  the  Commissariat.  This  will  furnish 
the  necessaries  of  life,  and,  when  wished,  the  luxuries  for 
the  table,  at  wholesale  prices,  free  from  competition,  and 
after  inspection  and  approval  by  the  public  chemist.1* 
This  will  regulate,  by  a  responsible  and  moral  agency,  the 
I  -use  of  liquors  which  otherwise  would  prove  injurious  to 
|  the  health  and  to  the  security  of  the  colonists  and  their 
visitors.  This  will  do  away  with  the  hideous  and  vile  sys- 
tem of  advertising  which  competitive  business  now  resorts 
to ;  and  rocks,  fences,  houses,  trees,  etc.,  will  not  be 
daubed  over  with  grotesque  notices,  nor  will  "  human 
sandwiches  "  promenade  the  streets ;  and  cards,  books, 
circulars,  posters,  signs,  flags,  etc.,  etc.,  litter  the  walks 
and  disgrace  every  place  as  they  now  do  in  the  world's 
marts  of  trade.  This  enormous  and  unnecessary  expense 
will  be  saved  to  the  consumers. 

Charles  Dickens  made  a  life  study  of  English  law  and 
its  pretences,  and  expressed  his  opinion  of  it  through 
Stephen  Blackpool  in  the  following  memorable  words  : 
"  It  is  all  muddle."  The  late  Henry  F.  Durant,  one  of 
the  prominent  advocates  of  New  York  State,  declared  that 
"  Law  is  the  most  degrading  and  narrowing  of  all  profes* 

*  An  official  report  of  the  director  of  the  Paris  Municipal  Laboratory 
makes  some  very  interesting  disclosures.  Out  of  ninety-one  samples 
of  coffee  analyzed  during  one  month  in  Paris,  thirteen  only  were  pro- 
nounced pure.  One  specimen  packet  is  said  to  have  contained  the 
following  ingredients:  Red  earth,  flour,  coffee  grounds,  caramel,  talc, 
plumbago,  vermicelli,  semolina  powder,  bean  dust,  carrots,  bread 
ciusts.  acorns,  sawdust,  red  ochre,  brick  dust,  ashes,  mahogany  shav- 
ings, vegetable  earth,  and  sand. 

Some  unscrupulous  people  in  San  Francisco  are  selling  the  waters 
of  Owen's  Lake  in  California  at  $i  a  pint,  under  the  name  of  "  Water 
of  Life."  The  water  of  Owen's  Lake  is  a  strong  lye,  and  a  goblet  of 
it  would  almost  kill  a  man.  But  ignorant  people  buy  it  and  drink 
small  quantities  under  the  impression  that  they  are  taking  a  wonderful 
curative. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  4I 

sions,"  the  law  being  "  a  system  of  fossilized  injustice,'1 
and  asserted  that  "  there  is  not  enough  of  thought  or  prin« 
ciple  in  our  whole  (American)  system  of  law  to  occupy  a 
man  of  intellect  for  an  hour ;  all  the  rest  is  mere  chicanery 
and  injustice." 

Napoleon's  sentiments,  in  regard  to  lawyers,  are  shown 
in  a  remarkable  epistle  in  which  he  reproves  his  Arch- 
Chancellor  for  having  framed  a  degree  which  placed  the 
bar  in  too  independent  a  position  :  "  There  is  nothing  in 
your  decree  which  gives  the  Grand  Judge  power  of  con- 
trolling the  lawyers.  I  would  rather  do  nothing  than  de- 
prive myself  of  the  means  of  taking  measures  against  a 
heap  of  babblers  and  revolutionists  who  are  almost  all 
inspired  by  crime  and  corruption." 

By  doing  away  with  the  competitive  system  and  sub- 
stituting co-operation  into  all  the  affairs  of  life,  by  having 
arbitration  instead  of  trial  by  court  and  jury,  the  necessity 
for  the  professional  lawyer  will  be  surprisingly  removed.* 
"  Truth  pleads  its  own  cause  :  falsehood  hath  many  law- 
yers." However,  the  attorneys  for  the  corporation  (the 
colony)  will  attend  to  instruments  of  writing  and  to  legal 
points  when  such  are  necessary.  They  will  be  custodians  / 
of  wjlls,  and  be  held  responsible  for  the  same.  Equities, 
not  technics,  should  be  the  rulings,  and  there  would  be 
more  justice  and  less  law  than  is  generally  found  in  mod- 
ern commonwealths.  Colonists  will  be  prohibited  froin^ 
consulting  other  than  the  Association's  attorneys.  _/ 

Voltaire  forcibly  remarked  that  "  A  doctor  is  a  person 
who  is  expected  to  make  good  health  conform  with  bad 
habits."  It  must  be  plausible  to  many  that  if  doctors  were 

*  In  1790  there  were  500  lawyers  in  the  United  States  and  4,000,- 
ooo,  inhabitants.  This  was  one  lawyer  to  every  8000  persons.  In 
1880  there  were  51,000,000  people  and  64,187  lawyers,  or  one  lawyer 
to  every  800.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  we  are  more  wicked  than  we  used 
to  be? 


42  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

permitted  to  practice  4i  to  pour  drugs,,  of  which  they  know 
little,  into  bodies  of  which  they  know  less/'  upon  the  com- 
petitive system  in  the  army  and  navy,  that  there  would  be 
few  soldiers  and  sailors  able  to  stand  against  the  enemy 
at  the  time  of  battle.  In  modern  society  the  doctor  is 
paid  to  keep  us  sick.  In  Pacific  Colony  the  doctor  should 
be  salaried,  and  his  interest  should  be  to  keep  all  persons 
well,  and  not  permitted  to  try  experiments  upon  feeble 
bodies  in  doubtful  cases.* 

The  doctor  will  co-operate  with  the  directors  in  charge 
of  sanitary  precautions,  with  those  attending  to  the  sewer- 
age, drainage  and  water  supplies,  with  the  man  of  science, 
the  chemist  and  the  apothecary. 

Diphtheria,  typhoid,  typhus,  malaria,  yellow  fever, 
cholera,  etc.,  are  nursed  into  epidemics  by  impure  atmos- 
pheres, if  not  actually  caused  by  the  same.  Scarlet  fever, 
scientists  now  say,  is  caused  by  the  horse,  as  small-pox  is 
invited  by  the  cow. 

With  good  and  proper  food,  regular  occupations,  plain 
habits,  pure  air  (four-fifths  of  the  life  in  Sinaloa  is  outdoor 
life ;  people  eat,  sleep,  and  entertain  outside  of  walls ;  a 
roof  is  all  that  is  required),  attractive  houses,  the  father 
feeling  secure  in  his  possessions,  the  mother  relieved  from 
the  terrible  drudgery  of  household  life  (this  will  be  accom- 
plished through  co-operative  housekeeping),  the  children 
given  plenty  of  play-grounds  and  always  under  careful 
attendants, — disease  should  be  the  exception  and  not  the 
rule,  as  it  now  is  in  modern  cities. 

The  farm  lands  of  the   Colony  will  be  leased  to  stock- 

*  The  City  of  Truro,  the  centre  of  population  in  the  County  of 
Cornwall,  with  11,000  people,  and  seven  times  that  many  within  a  few 
miles,  has  only  two  physicians.  Last  year  there  were  three,  but  one 
left  for  want  of  business.  In  America,  by  way  of  contrast,  there  is 
one  doctor  to  every  500  or  600  people. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION-.  43 

holders  or  worked  directly  by  the  company,*  and  so,  also, 
with  the  company's  wharves.  The  public  areas,  thorough- 
fares, etc.,  will  directly  and  absolutely  be  owned  and  con- 
trolled  by  the  "  Credit  Fonder,"  and  be  free  forever  to 
every  person  under  certain  restrictions,  /.  ^.,  orderly  con- 
duct and  care  for  grass,  flowers,  trees,  etc.,  immediately 
fronting  their  properties.f  Persons  should  be  enjoined 

*  Nebraska  has  now  about  250,000  acres  of  growing  forests  in  which 
have  been  set  600,000  young  trees.  Besides  this  there  have  been 
planted  over  12,000,000  fruit  trees,  over  2,500,000  grape  vines,  avast 
number  of  berry  bushes  and  plants  and  countless  quantities  of  orna- 
mental shrubs. 

t  Professor  Ruskin,  in  beginning  a  recent  lecture,  (Dec  '84),  at 
Oxford,  said:  "  I  have  scarcely  any  heart  to  address  you  to-day,  so 
terrified  am  I,  and  so  subdued  by  the  changes  in  Oxford  which  have 
taken  place  even  since  I  first  accepted  this  professorship,  and  which 
are  directly  calculated  to  paralyze  all  my  efforts  to  be  useful  in  it.  I 
need  scarcely  tell  any  of  my  pupils  that  my  own  art  teaching  has  been 
exclusively  founded  on  the  hope  of  getting  people  to  enjoy  country  life, 
and  the  care  for  its  simple,  pleasant  and  modest  employments.  But 
I  find  now  that  the  ideal  in  the  minds  of  all  young  people,  however 
amiable  and  well-meaning,  is  to  marry  as  soon  as  possible,  arid  then 
to  live  in  the  most  fashionable  part  of  the  largest  town  they  can  afford 
to  compete  with  the  rich  inhabitants  of,  in  the  largest  house  they  can 
strain  their  incomes  to  the  rent  of,  with  the  water  laid  on  at  the  top, 
the  gas  at  the  bottom,  huge  plate-glass  windows  out  of  which  they  may 
look  uninterruptedly  at  a  brick  wall,  a  drawing-room  on  the  scale  of 
Buckingham  Palace  with  Buckingham  fittings  and  patent  everythings 
going  of  themselves  everywhere — with,  for  all  intellectual  aids  to 
felicity,  a  few  bad  prints,  a  few  dirty  and  foolish  hooks,  and  a  quantity 
of  photographs  of  the  people  they  know,  or  of  any  passing  celebrities. 
This  is  the  present  idea  of  English  life,  without  exception,  for  the 
middle  classes — and  a  more  miserable,  contemptible,  or  criminal  one 
never  was  formed  by  any  nation  made  under  the  wandering  stars.  It 
implies  perpetual  anxiety,  lazy  and  unjustifiable  pride,  innumerable 
petty  vexations,  daily  more  poignant  greed  for  money,  and  the  tynin- 
nous  compulsion  of  the  laboring  poor  into  every  form  of  misery:  and 
it  implies,  further,  total  ignorance  of  all  the  real  honor  of  human  He 
and  beauty  of  the  visible  world.  I  felt  all  this  borne  in  upon  me,  al- 
most to  the  point  of  making  me  give  up  all  further  effort  here  in 


44  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

against  throwing  anything,  however  small,  into  the  street, 
upon  the  grass,  areas  or  sidewalks. 

There  will  be  little  or  no  noise  in  the  streets.  Locomo- 
tion should  be  by  means  of  bicycles  and  tricycles  *  and 
electric  passenger  cars.f  Steam  and  horse  cars  should  not 
be  permitted  on  other  than  North  and  South  Avenue 
which  passes  to  and  from  the  landing  on  the  "  Straits  of 
Joshua/'  Of  course,  as  regards  horses,  this  provision  is 
not  to  be  considered  in  the  early  days  of  the  Colony. 

The  Colonist  will  ride  in  the  street  cars  as  he  does  now 
in  New  York  and  other  cities,  use  electric  lights,  go  to  the 
theatre  and  meeting,  employ  a  doctor,  lawyer  and  engineer, 
live  in  a  "  Resident  Hotel,"  or  private  house,  engage  in 
the  occupation  he  most  likes,  buy  at  the  market  and  ba- 
zaar, etc.,  and  a  stranger  might  not  see  much  difference  in 
the  general  manner  and  outward  ways  of  the  Colonist,  and 
those  of  the  people  living  elsewhere  ;  but  instead  of  pay- 
ing extortionate  prices  and  receiving  indifferent  services. 

England,  and  going  away  to  die  among  the  Alps,  when  I  walked  early 
this  week  across  what  once  were  fields,  but  are  now  platforms  of  mud 
and  bitumen,  to  what  we  used  to  call  the  "  Happy  Valley,"  and  scenes 
by  Ferry  Hinksey  (but  in  the  two  Hinkseys  nothing  keeps  the  same), of 
my  former  endeavors  to  get  some  undergraduates  to  useful  country 
labor." 

— Key  West  is  one  of  the  most  peculiar  cities  in  the  world.  It  has 
a  population  of  more  than  15,000,  principally  whites,  but  has  no 
chimneys,  no  show  windows,  no  brick  blocks,  no  fine  buildings,  no 
planing  mills,  no  steam  mills,  no  machine  shops,  no  farmers  driving 
in  with  loaded  teams,  no  country  roads,  no  rattle  of  machinery,  no 
noise  of  any  kind,  except  the  beating  of  the  waves  against  the  coral- 
bound  shores,  and  yet  Key  West,  for  its  size,  does  a  very  large  manu. 
facturing  and  shipping  business. 

*  Tricycles  made  to  carry  two  or  more  persons  and  to  be  propelled 
by  electricity  are  being  built  in  England. 

— A  tricycle  worked  by  means  of  electricity  has  just  been  successively 
tried  in  Paris.  It  worked  smoothly  and  efficiently. 

t  Letters  and  parcels  will  be  passed  to  all  parts  of  the  Colony  by 
means  of  pneumatic  tubes. 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  45 

he  will  obtain  the  best  at  the  lowest,,  and  in  lieu  of  paying 
money  to  build  up  corporations  and  privileged  classes, 
which  use  their  success  and  power  to  rob  him  of  his  liber- 
ties, public  and  private,  he  pays  into  his  own  treasury  and 
raises  up  at  every  turn,  and  in  a  hundred  ways  not  hinted 
at  in  these  brief  remarks,  a  body  corporate — a  "  Credit  Fon- 
cier,"  of  which  he  is  himself  a  respected  member, — a  body 
corporate,  the  prosperity  of  which  is  his  salvation  from  the 
competitive  system  which  now  rules  and  enslaves  the  world 
to  the  curse  of  every  man,  woman  and  child. 

The  plan  of  voting  by  the  Colonist  is  new.  Diagrams  of 
ballot  (see  page  123)  and  details  will  accompany  the  by- 
laws. Every  stockholder  is  sent  a  ballot  enclosed  in  an 
envelope  properly  addressed  to  the  authorized  judges  of 
elections,  and  he  or  she  fills  out  the  ballot,  puts  it  in  the 
enclosed  envelope,  and  puts  the  same  in  the  mail.  There 
are  no  polling  places,  no  poll-taxes,  no  special  days  for 
polling,  no  inconveniencies  more  than  writing  and  mailing 
a  postal  card,  no  necessity  for  the  person  being  in  the 
Colony  at  the  time  of  voting,  the  secrecy  of  the  ballot  is 
maintained  and  fraud  is  impossible. 

Directors  will  be  elected  for  five  years,  subject  to  strict 
accountability  for  the  trust  imposed,  and  to  the  Colonist 
personally.  Any  ten  stockholders  can  call  for  and  have 
an  investigation  made  of  the  public  acts  of  any  Director. 
To  take  any  part,  direct  or  indirect,  other  than  writing  and 
publishing  criticisms  of  the  past  workings  of  the  "  Credit 
Foncier,"  and  making  suggestions  for  its  future  manage- 
ment, or  details  connected  therewith,  in  an  election,  Mu- 
nicipal, State  or  National,  while  holding  a  Directorship  in 
the  Colony,  disfranchise  the  person  from  holding  office 
within  the  Colony  for  ten  years.* 

*  British  policemen  are  prohibited  from  voting  at  parliamentary 
elections.  In  Tasmania,  for  a  man  to  ask  for  the  vote  of  another  is  a 
penal  offence. 


46  IXTEGKAL   CO-OrERATION. 

(  Directors  should  be  paid  $100  per  month,  never  more, 
and  are  expected  to  have  other  occupations  than  the  pub- 
lic trusts  imposed  by  the  Colonists,  and  will  have  no  free 
passes  nor  exemptions  from  payments  common  to  other 
Colonists. 

Withal,  there  is  nothing-  attempted  by  the  "  Credit  Fon- 
cier  of  Sinaloa  "  which  has  not  been  accomplished  sepa- 
rately in  all  parts  of  the  world  by  class  legislation.  It  is 
simply  a  plan,  organized  and  matured  by  business  men  and 
women,  to  extend  and  unite  the  usefulness  of  the  Building 
Association  and  the  Insurance  Company  with  the  Banking 
House,  the  Passenger  Car  Company,  the  settlement,  the 
factory,  the  farm  and.  the  Clearing  House. 

If  it  is  right  that  classes  be  incorporated  with  special 
privileges  and  powers  to  build,  own  and  operate  public 
utilities  and  conveniences,  then  let  us  be  that  class  and  be 
incorporated  for  our  own  profit,  dignity  and  self-pro* 
tection. 

SUBSCRIPTION  LIST. 

The  "  Credit  Fonder "  of  Sinaloa  is  to  be  organized 
under  general  or  special  act.  Capital,  $1,000,000,  in  100,- 
coo  shares,  of  $10  each. 

Whereas,  The  control  in  the  building  site  laid  out  on 
the  north  shore  of  Topolobampo  harbor,  Sinaloa,  Mexico, 
and  the  farm  land  known  as  "  Mochis,"  lying  adjacent  to 
said  building  site,  are  offered  to  a  co-operative  Colony  for 
a  basis  for  settlement,  farm,  factory  and  commerce  ;  and, 

Whereas,  It  is  necessary  for  the  purchase  of  said  con- 
trol, in  the  said  building  site  and  farm,  and  for  carrying 
into  successful  execution  the  plans  for  a  co-operative 
Colony  to  secure  the  sum  of  $150,000. 

Now,  therefore,  We,  the  undersigned,  hereby  agree  in 
consideration  of  the  premises  set  forth  in  the  accompany- 


INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION.  47 

ing  "Preface,"  "Suggestions/'  "Remarks"  and  "Ex- 
planations," and  of  the  sum  of  $150,000  (15,000  shares) 
being  fully  subscribed,  that  we  will  purchase,  at  par, 
the  number  of  shares  of  the  "  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa," 
set  opposite  our  respective  names,  and  pay  for  the  same 
in  the  following  manner  and  upon  the  following  con- 
ditions : 

As  soon  as  $150,000  (15,000  shares)  have  been  sub- 
scribed, the  subscribers  will  organize  by  electing  four 
Directors,  and  the  said  Directors  will  elect  their  chairman, 
and  the  said  chairman  will  appoint  from  the  said  Directors 
a  Treasurer,  Attorney  and  Secretary,  and  rent  one  or  more 
rooms  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and  there  establish  the 
head-quarters  of  the  "  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa,"  in 
order  to  perfect  organization  and  to  carry  the  purposes  of 
the  company  into  execution. 

As  soon  as  the  organization  is  made,  and  said  head- 
quarters selected,  5  per  cent.  ($7,500)  of  the  $150,000 
subscribed  will  be  paid  to  the  said  Treasurer,  and  by  him 
forthwith  deposited  in  the  Fanners'  Trust  Company,  of  New 
York,  to  the  credit  of  said  directors,  (it  must  be  remem- 
bered we  are  not  yet  a  chartered  company),  from  which  it 
shall  be  drawn  only  on  the  written  order  of  the  said  chair- 
man, or  his  successor  in  office,  and  of  said  Treasurer. 

The  said  5  per  cent.  ($7,500)  shall  be  used  for  the  ex- 
penses of  said  head- quarters  for  perfecting  by-laws,  for 
sending  a  Director  to  take  out  the  necessary  papers  of 
incorporation,  for  sending  a  Director  to  Mexico  City  to 
obtain  special  concessions  for  colonization  in  Sinaloa, 
and  for  publishing  a  prospectus  and  sending  the  same 
and  circulars  to  persons  whom  it  is  thought  of  advantage 
to  communicate  with,  etc. 

When  the  said  chairman  and  directors  have  concluded 
the  terms  of  purchase  of  the  said  building  site  and  farm 
lands  and  railroad  stock  with  the  President  of  the  Amen* 


4g  INTEGRAL  CO-OPERATION. 

can  and  Mexican  Pacific  Railroad  and  trustee  for  said 
building  site  and  with  the  trustee  of  the  said  farm  lands, 
then  there  will  be  a  further  call  upon  the  subscribers  for 
the  amount  (it  may  be  that  only  part  payment  will  be 
asked)  necessary  for  securing  said  negotiation,  it  being 
understood  that  in  no  case  will  the  amount  for  the  said 
building  site,  farm  land  and  railroad  stock  exceed  the 
sums  mentioned  in  said  "  Suggestions,"  /'.  ^.,  $30,000  for 
15,000  building  lots  on  said  site  and  $15,000  for  15,000 
acres  of  said  farm  land,  and  $5,000  for  50  shares  of  the 
capital  stock  of  said  railroad. 

The  remaining  sum  will  be  called  for  by  instalments 
as  required  for  erecting  the  building  on  the  town  site, 
opening  the  farm,  completing  the  pipe  line  from  the  river, 
and  putting  a  steamship  on  between  the  harbor  and  ports 
of  the  Gulf  of  California. 

N.  B. — Mechanics,  farmers  and  others  not  wishing  or  unable  to 
Colonize  at  present,  but  who  desire  to  aid  the  settlement  with  a  view 
to  joining  it  after  a  while,  can  subscribe  for  the  stock,  and  after  the 
Colony  is  well  established  the  Department  for  the  diversification  of 
trades  and  employments  will  write  them  that  employments  can  be 
assured,  transportations  arranged  for,  houses  made  ready,  etc. ;  the 
"  Credit  Fonder  "  to  cover  said  advances,  by  reserving  percentagei 
from  dividends  and  profits  due,  or  to  become  due,  to  said  persons. 


YAQUJ.    INDIAN,    (TYPE   OF    LABORER),    TOPOLOBAMPO    BAY, 
SINALOA,  MEXICO. 


APPENDIX. 


APPENDIX,  No.  i. 

ORGANIZATION,  to  be  successful,  must  contain  within  it  that  ele- 
ment which  is  understood  by  the  word  coherency,  and  implies  more 
than  a  mere  bringing  together  of  members.  Organization,  to  be  suc- 
cessful, must  have  a  purpose  in  view  as  well  as  an  object  to  secure. 

When  we  speak  of  organization,  we  think  of  something  to  be  done, 
something  to  be  achieved  better  thus  than  by  individual  effort,  or 
which  must  be  done  in  that  way  or  not  at  all.  It  is  not  merely  for  the 
sake  of  expressing  opinion  in  a  given  way  upon  a  given  subject,  it  is 
for  the  purpose  of  arriving  at  unified  thought  upon  a  subject,  or  any 
given  number  of  subjects,  in  order  that  united  action  may  follow,  that 
organization  is  of  value. 

The  fact  that  a  number  of  men  and  women  will  come  together  to 
agree  in  respect  to  opinion  is  no  test  of  successful  organization,  nor 
will  that  continue  to  keep  them  together;  it  is  the  application  of  their 
practical  aims  that  will  do  it.  They  combine,  having  a  purpose  in 
view  to  which  they  will  give  their  united  earnestness,  and  so  long  as 
this  purpose  rules  in  their  thought  and  calls  forth  their  energy  they 
will  have  no  difficulty  in  keeping  up  their  coherency.  When  it  lasts 
they  advance,  when  it  dies  away  they  fall  asunder. 

It  is  not  certain  that  the  control  of  the  building  site  on  Topolo- 
bampo  Bay  and  the  farm  lands  at  Mochis,  fifteen  miles  east,  can  be 
secured  from  the  American  and  Mexican  Pacific  Railroad  Company 
for  the  purposes  suggested.  I  offer,  however,  to  urge  the  plan  if  I 
receive  the  necessary  support  iiom  persons  looking  for  a  progressive 
plane  of  life.  But  it  must  be  done  at  once  to  be  well  done. 

There  are  excellent  sites  for  settlements,  factories  and  farms,  which 
contain  at  the  same  time  some  commercial  features,  in  Sinaloa,  Chi- 
huahua, Coahuila,  and  Texas,  along  and  adjacent  to  the  short  line  be- 
tween the  Mexican  and  California  Gulfs,  of  which  we  can  possess 
ourselves,  if  the  said  Company  refuses  to  accept  the  plan  heretofore 
referred  to;  but  no  building  site  on  the  continent  of  North  America 
offers  the  commercial  advantages  which  the  site  on  Topolobampo  Bay 


54 


APPENDIX. 


does;  nor  is  there  a  place  where  a  co-operative  settlement  has  the 
opportunities  to  become  so  suddenly  prosperous  within  itself  and  so 
soon  influential  in  the  world's  affairs. 

In  beginning  new  departures,  for  useful  occupations,  from  old 
methods,  persons  should  be  studious  to  select  foundations  possessing 
all  the  natural  advantages  possible,  and  not  start  loaded  down  with 
disadvantages  not  belonging  to  the  system  itself. 

Co-operative  organizations  heretofore  have  hidden  their  worth  in  out 
of  the  way  places  and  have  been  either  for  manufacturing  or  distribut- 
ing or  farming.  In  one  or  two  exceptional  cases  they  have  combined 
these  three,  but  they  have  in  no  instance,  I  believe,  attempted  to  as- 
sociate these  three  with  commerce  at  a  suitable  place  to  become  in- 
fluential in  the  world's  exchanges ;  and  hence  they  have  been  but 
partially  satisfactory  to  those  participating  in  the  profits,  and  a  subject 
of  ridicule  to  the  "  bon-ton  v  who  never  think  seriously  upon  any 
worthy  subject.  Co-operative  efforts  will  be  of  fourth-rate  importance 
until  they  combine  settlement,  factory,  farm  and  commerce  upon  new 
and  well-selected  sites  and  are  started  on  a  broad,  determined  and  or- 
ganized plan.  Experience  attests  that  if  1,000  acres  of  land,  suitable 
for  manufacturing  and  farming  purposes  are  selected  and  1,000  per- 
sons are  permanently  settled  thereon,  that  the  said  1,000  acres  will  be 
worth,  at  least,  $1,000,000.  When  2,000  persons  are  permanently 
settled  upon  the  same  area,  it  will  be  worth,  at  least,  $2,000,000. 

The  Colony  site  on  Topolobampo  Bay,  contains  about  29  sq.  miles 
or  about  18,560  acres.  The  "  Mochis  "  ranch,  the  middle  of  which  is 
15  miles  from  the  railroad  terminus  on  the  "  Straits  of  Joshua,"  con- 
tains 67,000  acres — 33,500  of  which  belongs  to  the  Railroad  Company. 
The  Colony  Site  combines  excellent  climate,  well  drained  ground,  com- 
mercial facilities,  good  soil,  water-power  within  315  miles,  anthracite 
coal  and  giant  forests  of  timber  within  150  miles,  and  iron,  copper  and 
silver  within  100  miles  ;  it  is  the  terminus  of  a  great  trunk,  East  and 
West,  railroad  line,  and  is  on  a  harbor  which  is  to  become  the  an- 
chorage of  the  shipping  of  every  nation  in  the  world.*  What  may 

*  THE  POSITION  OF  TRADE  CENTRES. 

[Phila.  Record,  ^^.29,1884.] 

.At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  a  paper,  by  Alfred 
F.  Sears, -M  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.  on  "  Commercial  Cities,  the  Law  of  their  Birth  and 
Growth,'*  was  read.  Reference  was  made  to  the  fact  that  there  have  been  many 
failures  in  efforts  to  build  up  cities  upon  sites  having  excellent  harbors  and  superior 
facilities  of  access  from  the  ocean.  Kalma,  on  the  Columbia  River,  was  projected  with 
large  expectations  ;  hotels  and  churches  erected,  and  the  railroad  built  from  it  to  Puget 
Sound  It,  like  many  other  promising  sites  on  the  Northwestern  coast,  has  been 


APPKNDIX.  cc 

5s 

not  a  thoroughly  organized  "  Credit  Fonder  "  do  in  the  interest  of  its 
members  and  of  mankind  with  such  a  foundation  !  There  never  has 
been  an  opportunity  of  equal  importance  offered  to  ler.ding  business 
men  and  women,  nor  is  it  likely  that  there  ever  will  be  again;  for 
Topolobampo  and  its  geographical  relations  are  unique — cannot  pos- 
sibly be  duplicated. 

In  regard  to  climate  let  me  emphasize  that  no  district  of  the  world 
enjoys  more  pleasant  days  in  the  year,  there  are  no  extremes  either 
in  heat  or  cold,  nor  is  any  section  nearer  free  from  disease  than 
that  part  of  our  continent  lying  west  of  the  Cordilleras  and  between 
the  Fuerte  and  Sinaloa  Rivers.  Yellow  fever,*  sunstroke  and  epi- 
demics of  any  kind  were  never  known  there.  Within  a  distance  of  200 
miles  eastward  from  Topolobampo  Bay,  along  the  route  of  "The 
American  and  Mexican  Pacific  "  there  can  be  found  any  elevation 

entirely  unsuccessful.  Comparisons  were  drawn  between  Boston  and  New  York, 
showing  that,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  forty  years  ago  there  seemed  to  be  great 
promise  of  a  successful  commercial  rivalry  between  the  two  cities,  if  not  an  absolute 
commercial  superiority  for  Boston  ,  yet  that  the  result  has  been  entirely  favorable  to 
New  York,  and  that  the  building  of  railway  lines  to  draw  traffic  to  Boston  has  not 
changed  that  result.  The  author  considers  that  the  advantage  of  New  York  is  in  the 
fact  that  the  city  is  more  than  200  miles  nearer  the  heart  of  ihe  country  than  Boston. 
Philadelphia,  120  miles  from  the  ocean,  is  successful.  Baltimore,  180  miles  from 
Hampton  Roads,  secures  commerce.  Port  Royal,  on  Hilton  Head  Island,  cannot 
compete  with  Charleston  or  Savannah.  Brunswick,  Ga.,  does  not  rival  Savannah. 
Fernandina,  Fla.,  does  not  rival  Jacksonville.  Glasgow,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on 
the  Clyde,  has  had  wonderful  growth  and  prosperity.  Altona,  on  the  Elbe, 
velow  Hamburg,  has  been  unsuccessful.  Astoria,  on  the  Columbia  River,  a 
few  miles  above  the  bar,  has  been  in  existence  seventy-five  years,  but  has  been 
surpassed  by  the  much  more  recent  settlement  at  Portland.  Montevideo,  on  the 
coast,  has  a  population  of  40,000,  while  Buenos  Ayres,  130  miles  up  the  river,  had 
nearly  500,000.  The  author  considers  that  the  ports  on  Piiget  Sound  will  never  be 
able  to  become  great  commercial  rivals  to  Portland,  Oregon.  The  law,  the  author 
states,  is  that  the  commercial  portion  of  a  region  will  be  as  close  to  the  producer  as  it 
is  possible  to  go,  and  obtain  reasonably  good  facilities  for  the  class  of  transportation 
demanded  by  the  produce  of  the  country.  He  also  considers  that  trade  follows  natural 
channels;  that  staple  products  of  the,  soil  and  all  minerals  will  reach  the  coast  by  the 
route  that  permits  the  easiest  movement  with  the  least  artificial  aid,  and  that  the  trade 
of  a  country  will  not  cross  a  great  valley.  It  will  either  create  centres  of  exchange 
in  such  valleys  or  will  follow  down  their  course  to  A  port. 

*  In  the  summer  of  1883,  for  the  first  time  within  recorded  history,  yellow  fever 
broke  out  at  Guaymas,  Sonora,  200  miles  north,  and  at  Altata,  Sinaloa,  100  miles  south 
of  Topolobampo  Bay.  It  had  been  at  Mazatlan  21  years  before,  but  never  north  of  that 
roadstead,  until  1883.  Between  Guaymas  and  Altata,  on  a  coast  of  300  miles,  there 
has  been  no  yellow  or  malarial  fevers  ;  and  there  will  not  be  under  good  sanitary 
management. 

In  the  early  years  of  the  present  century,  yellow  fever  ravaged  New  York  and 
Philadelphia.  At  Norfolk,  Virginia,  it  was  bad  as  late  as  1854. 


from  sea  level  to  9,000  feet  altitude,  and  all  the  varieties  o?  temper* 
iture  to  be  roe*  wifb  ^  ^«  TT_.«._I  ""-^5  from  California  .o  Maine, 

^r-  ire  p.ains,  valleys,  hills  and  dales;  all  soils,  every  exposure; 
timber,  hard  woods,  metals,  minerals,  water  powers,  coal,  hot  mineral 
springs,  and  everything  to  give  a  basis  for  organized,  co-operative 
communities. 

In  summer,  mosquitoes  and  gnats  frequent  some  localities  on  the 
shores  of  Topolobampo  Bay  ;  never  at  midnight  or  midday,  but  at  the 
rising  and  setting  of  the  sun.  In  the  Fuerte  River  Valley  there  are  no 
mosquitoes  or  gnats  at  any  time.  It  is  a  mountain  stream,  and  has  no 
marshes  nor  stagnant  water  along  its  shores,  Snakes  are  rarely  seen, 
and  are  mostly  of  a  harmless  species.  The  writer  never  knew  of  a 
person  being  bitten  in  Sinaloa  by  a  noxious  insect  or  snake,  or  mo- 
lested by  a  wild  animal. 

Shade  trees,  some  of  the  140  species  of  the  Eucalyptus,  can  be 
planted  from  the  seed  in  the  streets  and  areas  of  the  site  on  Topolo- 
bampo Bay,  and  in  three  years  they  may  be  42  feet  high  and  9^  inches 
in  circumference.  Alfalfa,  a  species  of  clover,  will  grow  12  inches  high 
every  40  days  in  the  year.  The  colony  site  can  be  made  a  paradise 
within  five  years,  and  will  be  within  five  days'  travel  of  New  York 
City  by  rail,  and  on  the  short  line  between  Liverpool  and  China  and 
Australia. 

The  general  colonization  laws  of  Mexico  give  special  privileges, 
exemptions  and  subsidies  to  colonists  superior  to  those  given  by  the 
United  States.  If  there  are  persons  who  wish  to  colonize,  with  a 
Credit  Fonder  as  a  basis,  I  will  be  glad  to  assist  them  in  lands  to 
their  liking,  with  climates  to  order,  and  under  Mexican  or  United 
States  laws  and  along  the  line  of  the  American  and  Mexican  Pacific 
railroad  and  its  connections. 

ALBERT  K.  OWEN. 

*  The  Two  Republics,  Mexico  City,  March  §th,  1885.— By  virtue  of  a  contract 
signed,  the  Secretary  of  Public  Works,  has  contracted  to  bring  200  families  of  em- 
igrants to  settle  in  the  states  of  Vera  Cruz  and  Oaxaca,  and  to  engage  them  in 
tobacco  raising  and  other  industries.  The  government  will  furnish  tools,  trans- 
portation, etc.  The  grantee  will  receive  $15  for  each  colonist  over  7  years  of  age, 
and  will  receive  also  16,000  hectares  of  land  r.ow  being  surveyed  by  the  Cid  Leon 
Company  in  the  municipality  of  Ojitlan,  district  of  Tuxtepec,  Oaxaca. 

A  premium  of  thirty  thousand  dollars,  says  the  Paper  World,  has  been  offered 
by  the  Mexican  Government  to  any  one  who  will  establish  in  that  country  a  paper 
mill  at  a  cost  of  $150,000.  The  Government  will  also  concede  the  right  to  all  aloe 
plants  on  the  State  lands. 

MEXICO. 

(Picayune,  New  Orleans,  March  i^th,  1884.) 
Mexico  is  feeling  out  toward  larger  trade  relations  b  oth  east  and  west.     Most  ex« 


APPENDIX.  57 

traordinary  advantages  have  been  provided  for  any  Mexican  steamship  company 
which  would  establish  regular  communication  between  the  Mexican  Pacific  ports 
and  China  and  Japan.  A  contract  is  now  reported  to  have  been  signed  with  the 
Compania  Mejicana  de  Navigation  del  Pacifico  for  twenty-five  years,  in  accordance 
with  which  this  line  is  to  make  twelve  trips  per  annum  between  the  port  of  Topolo- 
bampo,  in  the  State  of  Sinaloa,  and  Japan,  China  and  the  Philippine  Islands.  The 
Government  is  to  pay  a  subsidy  of  $19,000  per  trip,  or  $229.000  per  year.  Besides 
this,  the  Government  is  to  pay  $65  head-money  for  every  Asiatic  laborer  landed  in 
Mexico  by  the  line,  not  to  exceed  12,000  per  annum,  or  $780,000  head-money  at 
most.  The  company  will  also  have  the  advantage  of  importing  free  of  duty  material 
for  wharfing  and  repairing  its  vessels. 

This  infusion  of  Mexican  labor  will  be  a  great  help  to  Northern  Mexico,  and  the 
effort  to  procure  it  shows  that  the  enterprising  administration  fully  appreciates  the 
great  advantages  of  its  new  and  increasing  railroad  communications  toward  the 
development  of  its  agricultural  and  mineral  resources.  The  railroad  which  American 
capitalists  are  preparing  to  build  from  Topolobampo  to  a  point  on  the  Rio  Grande 
between  Eagle  Pass  and  Laredo,  will  cross  the  Mexican  States  of  Sinaloa,  Chihuahua, 
and  Coahuila.  which  compare  in  population  and  area  with  the  entire  republic  as 
follows: 

State.  Population.       Square  Miles. 

Sinaloa 167,093  25,927 

Chihuahua 180,758  105,295 

Coahuila 61,050  61,050 


The  three 408,901  192,271 

All  Mexico 9*577,279  763,804 

That  is  these  States,  with  25  per  cent  of  the  area,  have  but  4  1-2  per  cent,  of  the 
population.  With  an  abundance  of  cheap  coolie  labor  the  industrial  conditions 
will  be  changed  ;  the  large  areas  of  arable  lands  now  uncultivated  will  be  worked 
for  American  markets,  and  the  coal  and  othwr  minerals  will  yield  an  astonishing 
output. 


APPENDIX,  No.  2. 

A  GLANCE  AT  AGUASCALIENTES,  SINALOA,  MEXICO. 
By  A.  K.  Owen. 

William  V.  Lanphar,  one  of  the  enterprising  men  in  the  valley  of  the 
Fuerte,  is  from  Bangor,  Maine.  He  went  to  California  alxmt  23 
years  ago,  and  afterwards  became  connected  with  a  travel'ng  com- 
mission merchant  and  passed  into  Sonora,  and  through  Sinaloa. 

Of  all  the  regions  his  varied  excursions  made  him  acquainted  with 
that  of  the  Fuerte  Valley  impressed  him  most  favorably,  and  after  seve- 
ral seasons  occupied  in  his  journeyings  he  bought  a  small  piece  of  land 
on  the  upper  Fuerte,  and  settled  down  to  grow  Maguey,  and  to  distil 
from  its  bulb  "Mescal"  the  Ihnrbon  of  the  Mexican  people.  The 
Maguey  is  a  species  of  the  American  Aloe  and  that  of  which  the 
tlMescal"  is  made  is  a  much  smaller  plant  than  the  giant  "  Century 
plant"  from  which  the  "* ptilqtie™  or  the  beer  of  Central  Mexico  is  fer- 
mented. 

Mr.  Lanphar  has,  at  present,  over  500,000  acres  of  woodland,  val- 
ley, river,  lake,  hill  and  dale;  and  a  plantation  of  500,000  plants  ot 
the  maguey — each  plant  valued  at  one  dollar.  His  cattle,  mules, 
Worses,  sheep  and  goats  *'  range  on  a  thousand  hills,"  and  no  better 
yasture  is  to  be  found  in  the  world.  On  Mesas  a  thousand  feet  above" 
the  Fuerte  river,  on  his  place,  the  writer  has  traveled  through  vast 
fields  of  grass  two  and  even  four  feet  high;  a  joint-grass  and  greatly 
enjoyed  by  cattle  and  stock.  His  distillery  has  become  the  leading 
industry  of  the  region.  The  late  Herr  Von  Motz,  the  talented 
draughtsman  who  accompanied  Engineer  Holbrook  in  his  examina- 
tions of  the  Sierra  Madre  for  the  Topolobampo  Company,  made  a 
drawing  of  this  distillery  picturesquely  shaded  by  beautiful  date  and 
cocoanut -palms,  with  bananas,  and  oranges  and  figs  in  the  foreground 
and  groups  of  Tarahumara  Indians  in  their  statuesque  nudity,  nnd 
painted  with  bright,  mineral  pigments,  sitting  around  with  < 
skins  and  bottles  waiting  to  be  served;  and  underneath  i.o  umu: 
"  Lanphar's  Gold  Mine."  Well  !  it  is  much  more  profitable  than  any 

(61) 


62  APPENDIX. 

gold  mine  of  modern  days  ;  for  nature  and  a  few  Mexicans  do  all  the 
work,  and  Lanphar  or  "  Don  Guillermo,"  as  his  people  affectionately 
call  him,  rides  over  his  vast  estate  and  occupies  himself  in  devising 
ways  to  invest  his  revenues  and  improve  his  surroundings. 

The  Hacienda  is  called  Aguascalientes  or  "  Hot  Springs;"  and 
here  are  found  an  assorted  class  of  boiling  and  mineral  waters  in  which 
the  sick  are  made  well  and  the  well  are  more  than  refreshened  by 
bath  and  drink.  Cattle  will  cross,  breast  deep,  the  waters  of  the  Fuerte 
River  to  drink  of  and  to  lie  in  these  hot  and  medicinal  springs.  The 
writer  of  these  lines,  after  an  early  morning  climb  up  and  tramp  over 
the  neighboring  mesas,  has  hastened  to  these  springs  and  taken  of 
the  hottest  with  more  satisfaction  than  he  ever  drank  from  cool 
springs,  hidden  in  the  shaded  woodlands  of  his  own  beautiful  Penn- 
sylvania home. 

Aguascalientes  is  about  one  thousand  feet  above  the  sea,  and  lies 
just  inside  of  the  foot  hills  of  the  Cordilleras  in  the  extreme  north- 
east corner  of  Sinaloa.  No  pen  can  do  justice  to  the  bracing  air  of 
this  region,  and  no  brush  can  paint  its  beauties  as  seen  from  the  table- 
lands which  rise  abruptly  from  the  river  bank  here,  and  from  out  the 
level-lands  there.  Southwestwardly  the  eye  wanders  over  a  rolling 
country  well  covered  with  shrub  and  tree  growths,  and  studded  with 
giant  knolls  and  rock  palisades  standing  out  in  beautiful  outline  from 
the  shining  waters  of  the  Fuerte  River  and  loses  its  visions  among 
the  peaks  of  the  ridges  which  surround  Topolobampo  Bay  on  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Cortez.  To  the  North  and  East  and  South,  the 
ridges  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  pine-covered  and  grotesquely-sublime  in 
peak  and  cliff  and  bluff,  pile  up,  one  against  the  other,  in  colossal 
forms  in  magnificent  contrast  with  the  blue  sky,  until  the  mind  be- 
comes dazed,  and  one  loses  self  and  lives  in  a  world  of  enchantment 
and  panorama.  Let  the  sun  sink  on  this  scene  and  we  will  witness  a 
gorgeousness  of  coloring  and  a  delicacy  of  tint  and  shade  in  the  heav- 
ens which  will  be  likely  to  linger  in  the  recollection  through  many 
years  of  varied  experiences;  and  then  let  us  turn  and  await  the  shades 
of  night  and  a  moon  which  climbs  up  through  the  canons  and  over 
the  peaks  and  into  the  clouds  of  the  other,  and  you  will  say  with  me 
that  this  planet  of  ours  has  no  such  pictures  elsewhere — and  withal  so 
lovely  a  clime  to  enjoy  them  in.  Never  did  magician  picture  to  youth' 
ful  fancy  scenes  half  so  full  of  wonders,  weird,  and  quaint  and  gro 
tesque  as  one  may  enjoy  from  one  of  the  hundred  prominent  point! 
on  Lanphar's  Hacienda  during  the  Fall  months  of  the  year. 

'"  Vable  Rock,"  at  Harper's  Ferry,  Jefferson  said  was  worth  a  trip 
across  the  Atlantic  to  seer  and  that  was  in  times  when  there  were  no 


APPENDIX  6, 

luxurious  passages  made  within  seven  days.  What  might  that  great 
statesman  have  said  had  he  seen  from  Lanphar's  porch,  the  *4  Co/on 
des  Huites"  the  giant  gate  posts  of  massive  rocks,  which  tower  thou- 
sands of  feet  into  the  air  and  hold  apart  the  great  Cordilleras,  which 
crowd  in  enormous  porphyry  masses,  to  within  a  hundred  yards  of 
each  other,  while  the  Fuerte  River  rushes  and  roars  and  tumbles  and 
leaps,  in  its  wild,  mad  race,  from  the  upper  gorges  and  canons  through 
their  opening  and  passes  on  to  enrich  the  sugar,  corn,  wheat  and  bean 
fields,  and  to  gladden  the  settlements,  which  it  meets  on  either  hand, 
and  finally  quiets  itself  in  the  salt  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  one 
hundred  miles  below,  and  30  miles  north  of  the  Farallon  de  San 
Ignacio. 

Mr.  Lanphar  has  laid  out  a  building  site  at  the  "  Hot  Springs,"  given 
half  of  the  cottage  sites  of  the  hamlet  to  the  Topolobampo  Railroad 
Company  ;  and  there  the  company  will  make  a  paradise  for  tourists 
and  invalids,  and  encourage  persons  to  buy  and  build  and  settle. 
Here  the  lotus  flower  may  be  made  to  bloom,  and  from  the  cool 
waters  of  the  mountain  river,  white  catfish,  with  as  sweet  a  flavor  as 
those  in  the  River  Delaware,  may  be  enjoyed  every  day  in  the  year  ; 
and  strawberries  and  vegetables  of  every  variety  are  to  be  had,  in  all 
seasons,  if  advantage  is  taken  of  the  slopes  and  shades  and  exposures 
and  soils.  What  more  could  tourist  or  invalid  desire  ?  And  this  will 
be,  via  the  Texas  and  Topolobampo  Railroads,  within  2,400  miles  of 
New  York  City,  and  just  about  100  miles  from  the  Harbor  of 
Topolobampo. 


THE  STATE  OF  SINALOA. 

A  LAND  OF  MILK  AND  HONEY  AND  ETERNAL  VERDURE. 

The  Geographical  Society  of  the  Pacific  met  Tuesday  night  and  wat 
addressed,  on  the  chief  characteristics  of  Sinaloa,  by  Professor  Fred- 
erich  Weidner,  State  Surveyor-General,  and  who  has  lived  there  foi 
twenty  years.  After  briefly  alluding  to  the  topography  and  geological 
features,  the  speaker  said  that  the  State  of  Sinaloa  offered  superior  in- 
ducements to  immigrants,  and  was  fully  capable  of  supporting  at 
least  six  times  its  present  population.  Its  mining,  agricultural, 
and  commercial  features  were  unsurpassed,  and  few  countries 
were  as  well  wateredand  as  well  protected  against  all  possible 
drought.  Its  mineral  products  consist  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and 
lead.  A  carboniferous  formation  exists  that  will,  no  doubt,  be  devcl- 


oped  and  turned  to  practical  use  at  an  ea^'iy  ;aay.  The  mines  are 
suitably  located  and  yield  ore  that  averages  *rom  $40  to  $70  per  ten, 
and  from  one  of  these  mines,  situated  near  the  Durango  boundary 
line,  $3,000,000,  had  been  taken  out  in  four  years.  The  great  draw- 
backs with  which  the  population  has  to  contend  are  a  lack  of  railroads 
-and  the  heavy  tax  on  coinage.  The  Government  is  actuated  by  a  lib- 
eral policy,  and  lands  can  easily  be  located  by  appearing  before  the 
•Federal  Court  and  paying  for  the  survey  and  title  papers,  the  quan- 
tity being  limited  to  2,500  hectares  to  each  applicant.  A  gveat  diver- 
sity of  soil  exists,  both  the  altitudes  and  valleys  being  covered  by  a 
rare  luxuriance.  Ebony,  mahogany  an.d  the  fruit  trees  -of  other  States 
flourished  abundantly,  and  often  gigantic  trees  were  met  measuring 
nine  feet  in  circumference.  As  far  as  an  elevation  of  4000  feet  above 
the  sea,  sugarcane,  rice  and  indigo  are  found,  while  wheat,  oats  and 
other  cereals  grow  at  higher  altitudes.  The  population  of  Sinaloa  is 
divided  into  four  classes.  The  descendants  of  the  original  conquerors, 
Indians,  crosses  between  these,  and  finally  foreigners.  The  manu- 
facture of  mescal  amounts  to  15,000  barrels  annually.  The  exports 
amount  to  $200,000  annually,  besides  gold,  silver  and  pearls;  while 
the  imports  amount  to  $3,000,000,  of  which  one-tenth  comes  from 
this  city. — San  Francisco  Chronicle,  December,  1881. 

TOPOLOBAMPO  CAMP,  March  i,  1885. 
ALBERT  JC.  OWEN,  Chief  Engineer, 

DEAR  SIR, — Everything  seems  favorable  to  push  the  work  to  the 
completion  of  the  15!  miles,  and  to  the  middle  of  the  u Modus* 
land,  before  the  rains  set  in.  We  have  grass,  water,  cheap  grain  and 
food,  and  no  gnats  to  worry  beast  or  man. 

Temperature  ranges  from  75°  to  86Q,*  but  we  always  have  a  breeze 
in  the  hot  part  of  the  day. 

*****  *  *  * 

WILLIAM  D.  BUCKNER, 
Engineer  in  charge  Sinaloa  Division. 

*  This  is  the  dry  or  summer  season  of  the  Sinaloa  coast  lands.  After  the  rains 
begin  the  temperature  is  cooler,  and  the  country  becomes  covered  with  grass  and  the 
trees  with  flower.— -A.  K.  OWEN. 

Everybody  knows  that' temperature  as  indicated  by  thermometers  bus  not  much  to 
(do  with  personal  comfort.  The  weather  is  sometimes  "hotter  "  with  the  thermome- 
ter at  86^  than  at  other  times  when  it  is  96^.  The  humidity  of  the  atmosphere  is  the 
measure  of  coin  fort,  and  there  are  a  good  many  humid  **  sticky"  days  this  summer. 
For  these  we  cannot  escape  responsibility,  as  the  Weather  Bureau  does,  by  calling  the 
temperature  "  stationary. " — Evening  Telegram^  Philadelphia,  August  i,  1885, 


APPENDIX.  65 

TOPOLOBAMPO,  Mexico,  March  i,  1885. 
ALBERT  K.  OWEN,  Chief  Engineer, 

DEAR  SIR, — It  is  with  quite  a  degree  of  satisfaction  that  I  submit 
to  the  General  Manager  the  first  estimate  of  work  from  the  construc- 
tion department,  which  I  send  to  Mr.  Campbell  to-day.  I  had  no 
idea  that  I  had  become  so  interested  in  this  enterprise  and  that  its 
commencement  and  hope  of  success  would  afford  me  so  much  pleas- 
ure. I  never  was  here  before  under  such  favorable  circumstances. 
The  climate  is  all  that  one  could  ask  for,  water  handy,  and  grass  in 
abundance,  and  the  work  is  progressing  as  well  as  one  could  hope  for 
with  the  outfit  we  have  at  hand.  We  have  twenty-one  stations  near 
completion,  of  the  heaviest  work,  across  the  salt  water  flats.  The  old 
Indian  (Lorenzo)  supplies  the  camp  with  all  the  fresh  fish  we  need, 
and  they  are  excellent  this  time  of  the  year.  Senor  Dalgado,  the 
ranchero  at  Asinagua,  furnishes  us  with  beef  cattle  at  $20  per  head, 
delivered  in  camp;  so  you  see  that  we  have  but  little  trouble. 
#  *  *  *  *  *  * 

R.  PERKINS,  Contractor. 


APPENDIX,  No.  3. 

CO-OPERATION. 

'    PROF.  FELIX  ADLER,  Dec.  21,  1884:  "The  one  hope  of  bettering 

the  condition  of  the  poor  lies,  it  is  my  belief,  in  a  great  moral  move- 
ment. The  best  chance  of  the  poor  man,  I  consider,  is  in  co-operation* 
By  this  I  mean  that  employees  as  bodies  shall  secure  sufficient  capital 
to  start  business  for  themselves,  so  that  the  profits  which  now  go  to 
one  individual  will  revert  to  the  workers.  The  co-operative  stores  in 
England  have  been  most  markedly  successful.  But  it  is  in  France 
that  co-operation  in  its  highest  form — namely,  productive  co-operation 
— has  been  successfully  essayed.  In  Paris  there  are  some  forty  pro- 
ductive co-operative  factories,  whose  business  is  carried  on  upon  the 
ujual  basis;  but  whose  profits,  instead  of  going  to  one  individual,  re- 
vert to  the  workers.  In  Lyons  there  are  similar  factories,  and 
in  Saint-Etienne  there  is  a  co-operative  organization  of  workingmen 
controlling  a  capital  of  2,5oo,ooof. 

Yet,  truth  compels  the  admission  that  this  higher  system  of  pro- 
ductive co-operation  has  not  met  with  the  same  success  in  England 
that  it  has  in  France.  The  reason  of  this  failure  was  not  insufficiency 
of  capital,  but  lack  of  those  moral  qualities  which  are  necessary  to  in- 
sure success  in  co-operative  undertakings.  Men  must  go  into 
co-operation  with  feelings  of  enthusiasm  and  not  merely  with  an  eye  to 
self-advancement.  One  of  the  chief  necessities  in  co-operation  is 
subordination  to  those  who  have  been  appointed  as  leaders. 

When  I  said  that  the  chief  hope  for  the  workingmen  lay  in  a  great 
moral  movement,  I  referred  to  the  employer  as  well  as  the  employee. 
If  such  a  moral  enthusiasm  were  to  seize  upon  employers  as  seized 
upon  the  sordid  hearts  of  men  when  Christianity  was  first  promulgated, 
then  employers  would  assuredly  be  impelled  to  make  some  self- 
sacrifice  for  the  toiler  and  for  the  benefit  of  their  suffering  brother 
man.  It  will  be  said  that  this  is  not  human  nature.  What  is  meant 
by  this?  The  dirty  side  of  human  nature!  The  entire  tendency  of 
the  present  circumstances  of  life  is  to  compel  men,  perforce,  to 
be  cold,  cruel  and  selfish.  Change  the  present  selfish  order  of 


APPENDIX.  67 

things,  and  see  if  human  nature  is  dirty  and  selfish.  Teach  the  child 
of  to-day  that  he  is  to  live  to  do  good;  that  it  is  his  duty  to  raise  his 
less  fortunate  brother  who  lies  broken  in  the  dust,  and  you  will  find 
his  heart  in  manhood  bloom  forth  with  human  love  and  kindness,  as 
beautiful  flowers  bloom  forth  in  the  spring." 

In  1859,  M.  Godin,  of  Paris,  put  up  his  Familister*,  for  the  accom- 
modation of  300  families.  To  it  were  attached  a  theatre,  school- 
house,  etc.  The  experiment  attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention  at  the 
time,  because  of  the  prominence  of  the  builder  and  the  radical 
departure  made  from  all  the  older  methods  of  benefiting  the  popula- 
tion. It  is  a  sort  of  French  Rochdale.  The  workings  of  the  plan 
have  borne  out  the  best  hopes  of  the  founder.  In  1880  the  institution 
was  worth  over  $1,000,000.  The  employees  number  1,022.  The 
men  have  put  in  nothing  but  their  skill  and  labor.  Now,  the  workers 
possess  shares,  or  certificates  of  savings,  representing  a  capital  of 
nearly  2,000,000  francs,  and  in  twelve  years  at  the  present  rate  of 
progress  will  own  the  entire  establishment.  Such  an  experiment 
might  be  tried  to  advantage  by  some  American  capitalists,  and  would 
very  probably  lead  to  more  satisfactory  results  than  are  to  be  reached 
by  the  ordinary  course  of  investment  and  employment. 

From  the  Mail  and  Express,  March  i^th,  1885  : — Forty  years  ago, 
twenty-eight  men  in  Rochdale,  England,  formed  a  co-operative 
society,  and  began  by  contributing  twopence  each  per  week. 
Twenty-one  years  ago  there  were  so  many  co-operative  retail  societies 
in  England  that  a  wholesale  society  was  formed  at  Manchester,  to 
connect  the  retail  societies  and  furnish  them  goods.  "  Its  report  for 
the  first  twenty  weeks  of  1864,"  says  Prof.  Richard  T.  Ely,  in  the 
Congregationalism  "  showed  shares  to  the  value  of  .£2,472  only, 
sales  of  ,£51,857  and  profits  of  £207."  The  report  for  the  correspond- 
ing period  of  1884  showed  shares,  ,£145,618;  deposits  and  loans, 
£482,789;  sales,  £2,147,242;  and  profits,  ,£23,462.  The  sales  have 
thus  reached  the  enormous  amount  of  £5,000,000  per  annum,  while 
the  yearly  profits  are  about  ,£50,000. 

In  the  year  1882  there  were  in  England  962  retail  co-operative 
societies,  with  572,610  members,  a  share  capital  of  £6,928,772  and 
,£1,280,994  in  loans,  and  selling  goods  to  the  value  of  .£22,857,434 
yearly.  Of  these,  678  societies,  with  about  450,000  members,  are 
connected  with  the  "  wholesale."  It  has  a  paid  up  capital  of  £200,- 
ooo,  and  owns  property — lands,  buildings  and  steamships — worth 
£305,000. 

The  central  wholesale  store  is  at  Manchester,  with  branches  at 


58  APPENDIX-. 

Newcastle  and  London,  and  it  has  purchasing  and  forwarding 
agencies  throughout  England  and  Ireland,  and  at  New  York,  Copen- 
hagen, Hamburg  and  Rouen. 

The  society  has  heretofore  restricted  itself  mainly  to  the  distribu- 
tion of  products;  henceforth  it  proposes  to  undertake  production  as 
well.  It  already  owns  and  conducts  a  biscuit  and  sweets  factory,  two 
soap  works  and  a  boot  and  shoe  factory.  This  list  will  be  extended, 
so  that  finally  co-operation  will  occupy  all  three  fields — retail,  whole- 
sale and  productive.  It  is  only  the  complete  success  in  the  two 
former  branches  that  could  justify  venturing  upon  the  latter. 

This  bare  rec.tal  of  facts  and  figures  will  be  enough  to  show  Amer- 
ican readers  something  of  what  co-operation  has  clone  and  is  doing  in 
England.  In  this  country  there  are  very  few  co-operative  enterprises, 
and  most  of  those  started  have  failed.  Perhaps  we  dp  not  need  CD- 
operation  here  as  badly  as  they  do  in  England,  but  may  come  to  it 
after  a  while.  Possibly  the  American  genius  is  too  individual  and 
speculative  to  succeed  in  a  business  where  conservatism  is  the  leading 
principle.  At  all  events,  the  experience  of  the  English  societies  prove 
that  co-operative  stores  can  be  made  successful  among  a  population 
largely  composed  of  workingmen,  and  without  waiting  for  the  millei> 
nium  to  arrive. 


ALL  ONE  MAN'S  WORK. 
(From  Good  Works.] 

Delitzsch  is  one  of  the  humblest  towns  of  Germany;  its  population, 
even  now,  is  not  more  than  8000,  and  thirty  years  ago  was  much  less; 
but  from  small  beginnings  among  the  shoemakers  of  Delitzsch,  in 
1850,  Herman  Schultz  has,  by  fai'ih  and'  patience,  created  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  social  structures  of  the  century.  When  he  died,  in 
the  raring  of  1883,  there  were  3500  co-operative  societies  in  Germany 
organized  under  his  control,  besides  thousands  more  in  Austria,  Italy,' 
Russia  and  Belgium,  which  owed  their  origin  to  his  example,  and 
looked  up  to  him  as  their  father.  Those  3500  societies  had  a  mem- 
bershipof  12,000,000,  a  share  capital  of  ^"10,000,000,  deposits  amount- 
ing to  ,£21,000,000,  and  did  a  total  business  of  ^100,000,000  a  year. 


APPENDIX.  69 

THE   ZOAKITES. 

A  CURIOUS   COMMUNITY   OF   GERMANS   LIVING    IN    OHIO. 

(From  Letter  to  the  Boston  Advertiser.} 

About  midway  between  Columbus,  Cleveland  and  Wheeling  is  Zoar. 
"  Land  of  Refuge,"  a  stout  German  boy  told  me  it  meant,  and  anyone 
who  has  been  here  can  see  why  the  name  was  chosen.  One  cannot 
travel  much  in  Northern  Ohio  without  hearing  of  the  Zoarites.  In 
1817  a  band  of  about  250  Germans  from  Wurtemburg  landed  in  Phil- 
adelphia. They  were  under  the  head  of  a  man  named  Pimlcr,  who 
appears  to  have  been  a  remarkable  character.  They  acknowledged  no 
other  authority  whatever  than  Jesus  Christ,  and  held  all  things  in 
common.  In  Philadelphia  they  found  a  man  who  had  5000  acres  of 
land  out  here  to  sell.  He  asked  them  $15,000  for  it,  and,  as  they 
wanted  to  get  as  far  away  from  everybody  as  possible,  they  scraped 
all  their  money  together  and  bought  it.  Only  three  of  those  who 
made  the  trip  over  the  mountains  are  now  alive.  When  the  colony 
arrived  here  no  money  was  left,  and  they  were  about  brokert  down. 
The  first  thing  done  was  to  build  a  big  brick  house  for  Pimler,  with 
walls  twenty-two  inches  thick,  which  is  known  all  the  country  round 
as  the  palace.  Then  they  went  to  work  clearing  off  the  wood,  build- 
ing houses  and  shops  of  all  kinds,  until  they  could  boast  that  not  one 
thing  necessary  in  their  simple  life  did  they  buy. 

If  the  world  had  left  Zoar  alone,  Pimler  and  his  followers  would 
have  been  happy.  But  the  country  round  them  filled  up.  The  boys 
and  girls,  who  had  been  taught  only  German  in  the  little  village 
school,  had  to  learn  English,  while  some  of  them  showed  a  desire  to 
get  out  of  the  humdrum  little  village,  where  they  could  look  forward 
to  a  broader  life. 

Pimler's  idea  was  to  isolate  the  colony  from  anyone  else.  So 
woolen  mills  were  built,  a  flour  mill,  a  smithy,  and  among  the  men 
were  always  mechanics  of  different  trades.  He  intended  to  keep  his 
ranks  full  by  additions  from  home,  but  introduced,  instead,  marriage, 
which,  up  to  that  time,  had  been  forbidden.  His  associates  seemed  to 
take  his  orders  without  question.  For  a  time  he  tried  taking  Ameri- 
cans, but  found  out  that  they  were  too  restive  to  be  good  for  much,  so 
that  in  late  years  their  numbers  have  been  kept  up  almost  entirely  by 
births.  The  settlement  has  numbered  as  high  as  300,  but  to-day  they 
are  slowly  decreasing.  While  Pimler  lived  he  was  the  government. 
The  religion  that  he  taught  them  was  simple  enough.  They  were  to 
acknowledge  no  other  authority,  outside  of  their  own  magistrates, 


7o 


APPENDIX. 


than  the  Bible.  The  former,  since  his  death,  have  consisted  of  three 
"  trustees,"  elected  for  three  years,  subordinate  to  a  committee  of. 
five,  which  meets  only  occasionally,  and  the  "trustees"  really  have 
things  their  own  way.  He  prepared  a  constitution,  which  is  carefully 
kept  from  the  public  view,  and  by  which  this  little  republic  is  gov- 
erned. Its  chief  feature  is  that  so  long  as  three  of  the  society  keep 
together  the  property  is  indivisible.  In  the  courts  some  of  the  dis- 
rontented  ones  have  tried  to  have  it  divided,  but  it  has  been  settled 
'  feat  this  cannot  be  done  while  three  hold  out. 

This  is  the  way  they  live.  No  one  has  any  money  except  the 
tashier.  He  is  one  of  the  trustees.  Everything  that  is  raised  is 
brought  to  them  and  put  into  the  storehouse.  No  one  sells  a  cent's 
worth  but  the  trustees.  Once  a  year  a  man  is  sent  to  Philadelphia  to 
buy  the  annual  supplies.  They  are  displayed  in  a  large  store,  tended 
by  two  of  the  young  men.  If  one  wants  a  shoe-lacing,  a  bedstead  or 
a  bushel  of  corn,  no  matter  what,  he  goes  to  a  trustee  and  gets  an 
order.  The  trustees  take  care  that  no  one  overdraws  his  fair  allow- 
ance. If  a  young  couple  conclude  to  marry,  a  justice  is  called  in,  the 
trustees  assign  them  a  house  and  they  begin  to  draw  their  supplies 
from  the  store.  Perhaps  they  have  a  baby.  The  trustees  give  an 
order  for  a  cradle,  if  none  of  the  old  ones  happen  to  be  out  of  use  at 
the  time.  When  a  death  occurs,  the  carpenter  makes  the  same  kind 
of  a  wooden  coffin  that  the  Zoarites  have  always  used,  and  they  bury 
him  in  the  little  graveyard  with  a  wooden  cross  at  his  head. 

Occasionally  a  boy  runs  away,  but  the  girls  do  not  dare  to.  What 
with  their  beer-making,  mills,  shops  and  other  industries,  the  Zoarites 
are  obliged  to  hire  most  of  their  farm  work  done.  Each  morning  the 
fifty  laborers  must  meet  in  the  square,  and  are  told  off  to  their  work. 
They  manage  to  keep  up  the  Zoar  custom  in  one  thing — the  beer  they 
drink. 

This  community  has  grown  to  be  very  rich  as  an  organization.  It 
owns  7,200  acres  of  land,  which,  with  the  improvements,  is  worth 
$500,000.  The  live  stock  and  earnings  variously  invested  are  of  equal 
value.  The  Catholic  priests  hereabouts  are  trying  to  convert  the 
community  in  a  body,  but  thus  far  without  success. 


APPENDIX.  yx 

A  MODEL  GOVERNMENT. 

THE  CHEROKEES  SOLVING  THE   LAND  QUESTION — NO   ONE  WITHOUT 
A   HOME. 

WASHINGTON,  June  27,  1885.— Senator  Ingalls,  who  has  just  re- 
turned from  the  Indian  Territory,  whither  he  went  with  a  sub-com- 
mittee to  investigate  certain  matters  by  order  of  the  Senate,  speaks 
with  enthusiasm  of  the  condition  of  the  civilized  tribes.  To  a  reporter 
who  called  upon  him  this  afternoon,  he  said  that  the  journey  had 
enlightened  him  with  regard  to  matters  of  which  he  had  no  previous 
appreciation,  although  he  had  once  before  passed  through  the  Terri- 
tory. The  tribal  government  was  democratic  in  form,  with  an  elective 
chief  magistrate  and  an  upper  and  lower  House  of  Legislature,  which 
assembled  annually.  There  were  courts  with  an  elective  judiciary, 
and  convicted  criminals  were  punished  as  in  communities  of  whites. 
There  were  no  laws  for  the  collection  of  debts,  and,  as  the  standard  of 
commercial  honor  was  high,  none  were  needed. 

Fifty  per  cent,  of  the  entire  revenue  of  the  Cherokees  was  spent 
for  educational  purposes.  Wherever  thirteen  children  could  be 
gathered  together,  a  school-house  was  built  and  a  teacher  with  ample 
qualifications  was  employed.  Two  cottages — one  for  each  sex — were 
maintained,  the  buildings  being  of  noble  proportions  and  all  the  ap. 
pointments  creditable.  The  tribal  government  not  only  furnished 
buildings  and  paid  the  teachers,  but  clothed  and  fed  the  pupils.  A 
number  of  graduates  were  selected  each  year  and  sent,  at  the  public 
expense,  to  continue  their  studies  at  Yale,  Dartmouth,  and  other  high 
institutions  of  the  East.  The  utmost  good  feeling  prevailed  toward 
the  United  States,  but  no  disposition  existed  to  change  the  relations 
between  the  tribes  and  the  nation.  It  was  conceded  that  the  treaties 
had  been  faithfully  kept  by  the  Government,  but  there  was  a  feeling 
of  apprehension  that  the  tribal  forms  of  government  might  be  over- 
turned by  the  admission  of  white  settlers,  to  which  the  Indians  were 
earnestly  opposed.  On  the  other  hand,  however,  they  manifested  no 
objection  to  the  admission  of  other  tribes  of  Indians  to  homes  in  the 
Indian  Territory,  and  they  seemed  to  think  it  would  be  the  policy  of 
the  government  to  concentrate  the  Indians  there. 

In  the  Senator's  opinion,  the  Indians  seem  to  have  reached  the 
ideal  solution  of  the  land  question.  All  the  land  belongs  in  common 
to  the  tribe,  but  any  citizen  may  cultivate  as  much  as  he  chooses,  pro- 
vided he  does  not  come  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  tract  cultL 
vated  by  his  neighbor.  This  provision  is  designed  to  break  up  tho 


^2  APPENDIX. 

tendency  to  collect  in  small  communities,  which  was  thought  to  be 
.provocative  of  idleness.  The  occupant  of  the  land  is  its  absolute 
possessor,  and  may  leave  it  to  his  children  or  sell  his  possessory  rights 
to  another  citizen,  but  he  may  not  sell  to  an  outsider,  and  if  he  ceases 
to  cultivate,  the  land  reverts  to  the  public  domain.  This  prevents 
the  acquirement  of  large  tracts  of  land  by  individuals  and  removes  the 
danger  of  the  evils  which  result  from  land  monopolies.  The  freed- 
men  are  better  treated  than  among  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and  no  civil  or 
political  rights  are  denied. 

Senator  Ingalls  thinks  the  advantages  of  the  Indian  Territory  as  a 
farming  region  have  been  overstated.  It  is  a  beautiful  country  to 
look  upon,  with  large  forests  of  oak  and  other  hard  woods,  which, 
being  free  from  undergrowths,  have  the  aspect  of  well  kept  parks; 
but  much  of  the  country  is  mountainous  and  rugged,  and  the  belief 
prevails  among  the  Indians  that  if  they  were  to  take  to  the  plough 
universally  there  would  not  be  arable  land  enough  in  their  reservation 
to  give  them  1 60  acres  each.  Among  the  70,000  Indians  inhabiting 
that;  country,  there  is  not  a  pauper.  No  person  is  supported  at  the 
public  expense,  and  no  one  lacks  a  home.  Only  one  insane  person 
was  heard  of. 


PROSPEROUS   FREUDENSTADT. 

Every  one  knows  something  of  the  prosperity  of  Swiss  townships, 
where  so  many  things  are  in  common,  but  a  more  remarkable  instance 
of  a  thriving  commune  is  given  by  M.  de  Lavaleye  in  this  month's 
Contemporary  Review.  It  is  the  township  of  Freudenstadt,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Kniebis,  in  Baden.  There  are  1,420  inhabitants,  each  of  whom 
has  as  much  wood  for  building  purposes  and  firing  as  he  wishes,  while 
he  can  send  his  cattle  out  to  pasture  on  the  common  land  during  the 
Summer.  Schools,  churches,  thoroughfares  and  fountains  are  all 
maintained  by  the  commune,  and  every  year  considerable  improve- 
ments are  made.  Five  thousand  pounds  were  spent  in  1813,  for  in- 
stance, on  establishing  a  new  water  supply  in  iron  pipes.  A  hospital; 
too,  has  been  built,  and  a  pavilion  in  the  market  place,  where  the 
Communal  band  plays  on  fete  days.  The  villagers  have  never  paid  a 
single  farthing  in  rates,  but,  on  the  contrary,  each  year  a  distribution 
of  the  surplus  revenue  is  made  among  them,  and  each  family  usually 
obtains  from  £2  los.  to  £$.  All  this  is  done  with  about  5,000  acres 
'of  pine  forest  and  meadow  land  belonging  to  the  township,  a  fact 
'which  seems  to  show  that  communism  is  not  always  unfavorable  ttf 
the  production  of  wealth,— Poll  Mall  GazttU. 


APPENDIX,  No.  4. 

ANARCHISTS   AND   SOCIALISTS. 

The  American^  New  York,  Ftb.  25,  1885. 

EDITOR  AMERICAN:  Just  now  there  is  a  great  cry  about  anarchists 
and  socialists  and  what  they  propose  to  do,  and  there  may  be  more 
wool  in  the  business  than  appears  on  the  surface.  Hence  you  have 
hit  a  wise  plan  in  offering  the  use  of  your  paper  for  these  anarchists 
to  rise  and  explain.  I  do  not  belong  to  any  of  the  socialist  organiza- 
tions, but  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  many  active  members  leads 
me  to  believe  that  they  are  becoming  a  power  in  the  land ;  and  I  have 
heard  many  Americans  say  that  they  did  not  care  how  soon  a  break 
was  made  on  the  present  order  of  things.  Americans  as  well  as 
foreigners  can  see  plainly  that  so  far  as  protection  to  labor  against  the 
encroachments  of  privileged  monopolies  is  concerned,  our  republican 
government  is  a  failure,  although  it  seems  to  me  Americans  by  birth 
are  less  sensitive  to  these  encroachments  than  the  intelligent  foreigner. 

The  English  language  fails  me  in  expressing  my  astonishment,  on 
arriving  in  New  England  forty-three  years  ago.  I  had  left  a  despotic 
government  that  denied  me  the  right  of  representation  in  the  nation's 
affairs,  while  it  taxed  me  to  the  utmost  to  sustain  its  cut-throats  en- 
listed to  shoot  me  down  if  I  rebelled  against  the  inquisition.  But  the 
cotton  lords  of  old  England  were  restricted  to  ten  hours  a  clay,  and 
other  safeguards  were  placed  aiound  the  operatives  that  were  lacking 
in  New  England.  Judge,  then,  of  my  feelings  to  witness  men,  women 
and  children  running  to  the  mills  in  Rhode  Island,  at  4  o'clock  A.  M., 
with  only  20  minutes  for  breakfast  and  30  for  dinner,  and  then  kept 
at  work  as  long  as  the  sun  gave  light  in  midsummer.  I  was  glad  there 
was  no  Joshua  to  command  the  sun  to  stand  still,  as  the  cotton  lords 
would  have  kept  the  m ills  at  work  and  poor  slaves  w.ouJd  have 
mitted  without  a  murmur.  If  I  demurred  I  was  told  to  \ 
England  if  I  did  not  like  America. 

I  grant  that  it  is  criminal  for  foreigners   to   band   together  f<  ; 
purpose  of  destroying  property.     It  is  also  criminal  in  every  voter,  be 
he  foreign  or  native  born,  who  neglects  to  use  the  ballot  for  h!>  own 


74  APPENDIX. 

protection.  In  this  country  the  sun  could  not  rise  on  the  palace  of  a 
tyrant  unless  it  set  on  the  cot  of  a  willing  slave.  But  the  American 
must  be  blind,  indeed,  who  fails  to  see  that  anarchy  will  not  long  be 
confined  to  a  mere  handful  of  foreigners  if  the  increase  of  millionnaire 
non-producers  and  the  millions  of  homeless  wandering  producers  con- 
tinues at  the  present  ratio.  A  proper  use  of  the  ballot  will  remedy 
many  of  the  evils  under  which  we  suffer. 

But  I  agree  with  the  socialists  in  that  the  present  relationship  be- 
tween  capital  and  labor  must  be  radically  changed. 

Wealth  (labor's  product)  must  become  the  servant  of  its  producer, 
and  not  its  master,  as  now.  And  the  sooner  the  lovers  of  peace  and 
justice  set  about  a  reconstruction,  the  sooner  shall  we  get  rid  of 
anarchy,  for  it  will  have  nothing  to  feed  on. 

And  if  the  present  order  of  things  is  to  remain,  the  sooner  the 
American  eagle  and  spread  eagle  orators  depart  for  a  more  genial 
clime  the  better.  A  sham  republic  is  as  loathsome  to  me  as  a  real 
despotism.  A  benevolent  despot  would  be  like  a  bull  in  a  china  shop 
in  Wall  Street.  What,  then,  shall  we  do  to  be  saved  ? 

A.  K.  Owen,  in  The  American  of  February  n,  strikes  the  key-note 
that  was  struck  in  England  forty-five  years  ago.  Evolution,  not  rev- 
olution,  is  the  way  out  of  this  discord  ;  and  if  Americans  are  too 
impractical  to  adopt  co-operation,  they  are  too  impractical  to  make 
proper  use  of  their  freedom,  and  brand  themselves  ignoble  sons  of 
noble  sires.  Reform,  if  it  comes,  must  be  brought  about  by  men  in- 
spired with  true  American  ideas. 

From  my  acquaintance  with  anarchists  and  socialists,  I  am  led  to 
believe  that  they  are  too  visionary  and  impractical.  The  majority  of 
them  are  attempting  to  reform  from  without  instead  of  within. 

I  have  addressed  them  often,  or  tried  to  do  so,  when  the  jingling  of 
beer  glasses  and  the  mingling  of  songs  with  a  jargon  of  tongues 
proved  too  much  for  me.  I  know  of  no  better  way  to  reform  the 
world  than  for  each  man  to  reform  one.  It  may  be  a  slow  way  to 
attain  reform,  but  it  is  the  surest  way.  In  conclusion,  I  say,  let  on 
the  light.  To  the  millionnaires,  I  say,  grindyour  mills  a  little  slower  ; 
the  time  is  now  here  when  submission  is  no  longer  a  virtue. 

THOMAS  W.  TAYLOR  ("  Old  Beeswax  "). 

Homestead,  Pa.,  Feb.  1885. 


APPENDIX,  No.  5. 

ELZABETH,  N.  J.,  March  4,  1885. 
Highly  Esteemed  Friend, 

Your  kind  favor  of  yesterday,  inclosing  copies  of  your  series  of 
articles  on  Evolution  versus  Revolution,  is  this  morning  at  hand,  and 
I  hasten  to  thank  you  for  so  timely  and  able  a  contribution  to  the 
politico-economic  literature  of  this  country. 

******** 

The  superficial  reader  will  doubtless  condemn  your  utterances  as 
the  senseless  babble  of  a  crank,  or  the  wild  visions  of  an  enthusiast. 
But  so  far  from  such  being  so,  they  are  directly  the  reverse,  being 
simply  the  collocation  of  the  teachings  of  sages  of  the  past,  backed  by 
repeated  and  successful  experiments  in  detached  parts  or  isolated 
truths.  I  understand  you  as  proposing  to  collect  and  unify  them  in 
one  science  and  one  demonstration. 

Were  I  disposed  to  be  sincerely  critical,  I  should  scold  you  for  not 
giving  more  specific  authority  for  your  claims,  illustrated  by  historical 
examples. 

For  instance,  you  quote  the  Guernsey  Market  experience  without 
referring  to  the  author,  Jonathan  Duncan,  as  the  historian  of  Guernsey, 
who  on  page  166  of  his  wonderful  book  on  "  The  British  Bank 
Charter  Act,"  states  the  incident  in  extenso.  You  might  pertinently 
have  referred  to  the  fact,  that  while  the  Other  works  of  Mr.  Duncan 
are  to  be  found  in  every  well  equipped  library  of  this  country,  this, 
his  masterpiece,  is  not  to  be  found  therein: 

Your  reference  to  the  specie  basis,  idolatry  and  superstition  of  the 
present  day,  might  have  been  emphasized  by  the  teachings  and  prac- 
tices of  Lycurgus,  the  Spartan  Law-Giver,  of  which  Prof.  Anthon,  of 
Columbia  College,  says  in  his  "  Manual  of  Grecian  Antiquities," 
page  127,  as  follows  : 

"  The  possession  of  gold  and  silver  was  expressly  interdicted  to 
the  citizens  of  Sparta,  and  how  strong  was  the  hold  of  this  ancient 
custom  is  seen  from  the  punishment  of  death  which  was  threatened  to 
those  who  secretly  transgressed  it.  In  Sparta,  therefore,  the  State 

(75) 


7  6  APPENDIX. 

was  the  sole  possessor  of  the  precious  metals,  at  least  in  the  shape  of 
coin  which  it  used  in  the  intercourse  with  foreign  nations.  The  indi- 
vidual citizens,  however,  who  were  without  the  pale  of  this  intercourse, 
only  required  and  possessed  iron  coin  in  a  manner  precisely  similar 
to  that  proposed  by  Plato  in  *-77ie  'LCKVS,'  namely,  that  money  gener- 
ally current  should  be  at  the  disposal  of  the  State,  and  given  out  by 
the  magistrates  for  the  purpose  of  war  and  foreign  travel,  and  that 
within  the  country  should  be  circulated  a  coinage  in  itself  worthless, 
-which  derived  its  value  from  public  ordinance." 

*.  »-•  •        •  •*  #  *  .*  •  *  • 

The  practical  benefits  of  co-operative  effort  have  been'  successfully 
shown,  one  at  a  time,  by  separate  demonstrations. 

Among  such  successes  may  be  quoted  those  of  the  Shakers,  Rap- 
pites  and  other  fraternities  of  this  country,  and  the  Rochdale  associ- 
'ates  of  England  as  to  accumulations  of  wealth.  Brook  Farm,  The 
North  American  Phalanx,  Pullman  City  and  other  associations  of  this 
country,  and  the  Familistere  of  France,  show  what  can  be  done  in 
.aesthetic  development.  Our  national  post  offices,  our  city  parks  and 
other  societary  triumphs  demonstrate  the  superior  potency  of  collect- 
ive over  individual  efforts.  . 

But  why  multiply  instances  which  are  familiar  to  you.  I  weary  your 
patience  and  must  abruptly  close. 

Yours  fraternally, 

To  JOHN  G,' DREW. 

ALBERT  K.  OWEN,  ESQ., 
Ch  ief  Engineer, 
Am.  6°  Alex.  Pacific  R.  R,t 
New  York  City. 


HAMMONTON,  N.  J.,  March  z6thj  1885. 
My  Dear  Owen: 

I  have  yours  of  the  23d.  *  *  *  *  Put  my 
name  down  for  10  shares.  *  *  *  *  In  my  opinion  if  a  thou- 
sand persons  can  be  gathered  togethered  on  your  platform,  there 
is  no  question  of  the  success  of  the  enterprise.-  *  *  *  *  The 
whole  movement  is  advancing  in  your  direction,  and  I  never  in  my 
lifetime  expected  to  see  so  much  advance  made.  .*  *.  *  Now  the 
era  opens  for  the  advent  .of  a  period  which  shall  recognize  ..the  impo- 
tence of  party  politics,  and  rise  to  the  comprehension  of  the  social 
question.  *  *  We  have  just  arranged  for  the  publication  of  tho 
translation,  by  Mrs.  Rowland,  of  M.  Godin's  "Social  Solutions." 


APPENDIX.  77 

'  "  As  far  as  t  have  become  acquainted  with  your  movement  it  seems 
to  me  the  best-considered  and  most  promising  thing  at  present. 

Yours  truly, 

EDWARD  HOWLAND. 


ADDISON,  N.  Y.,  March  5th,  1885. 
ALBERT  K.  OWEN, 
Dear  Sir: 

I  received  your  three  articles  in  "The  American"  and, 
also,  the  pamphlet  in  regard  to  "  Extracts  from  newspapers  and  let- 
ters." I  was  so  interested  that  it  was  three  o'clock  before  I  fell 
asleep  in  the  train  on  my  way  home.  I  shall  look  for  your  next  article 
with  anxiety.  I  was  the  most  interested  in  your  Co-operative  System 
by  which  you  intend  to  govern  your  city.  I  see  no  reason  why  the 
whole  industry  of  a  city  cannot  be  carried  on  just  as  well  as  30.000 
employees  of  a  large  Railroad  Corporation.  And  I  am  of  the  opinion 
'that  your  system  would  save  enough  by  doing  away  with  the  fric- 
tion that  our  present  competitive  system  engenders:  -  In  fact,  I  am  of 
the  opinion  that  there  could  be  e_nough  saved  from  this  source  alone 
to  build  a  large  city  in  a  very  short  time.  When  you  are  prepared  to 
open  your  books,  I  want  one  of  those  $10  shares.  I  will  have  that  if  I 
have  to  -mortgage  the  cook  stove,  because  I  think  it  is  the  most  perfect 
thing  that  I  have  read,  not  only  that,  but  it  is  .so  i  ar.  ahead  of  anything 
that  has  so  far  been  attempted.  Hoping  that  it  may  prove  a  suc- 

.cess,  I  remain,  ,.•        , .,.  , 

Respectfully  yours, 

RALPH  BEAUMONT. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  March  23^  1885. 
Dear  Owen : 

I  have  had  no  direct  intelligence' from 'you  for  a  long 

time,  but  have  enjoyed  recently  your  articles  in  The  American.     You 
know  that  my  whole  heart  is  with  you  in  this  work. 


Nothing1  Woufci'more  delight  me  than  to  be  free  to  join  hands  with 
you  and  devote  all  my  energies  to  the  Grand  Scheme •  so:  Well  set  forth 
in  your  papers.  It  is  founded  on  true  principles  and  will  succeed. 

Your  friend, 

, 


78  APPENDIX. 

Dr.  Wm.  H.  Muller,  of  Pennsylvania,  says:  '*  I  cannot  tell  you  how 
greatly  I  am  delighted  with  the  proposed  movement.  For  40  years 
association  has  been  to  me  a  grand  dream,  which  I  never  doubted 
would  be  realized,  and  when  I  first  read  of  Mr.  Godin's  enterprise,  I 
found  that  it  was. — And  here  is  another  undertaking,  on  a  yet  largei 
scale,  projected  by  Mr.  Owen.  It  seems  to  have  been  well  thought 
out  in  detail,  and  indeed  there  seems  no  reason  as  yet  apparent  why 
it  should  not  succeed.  But  in  such  an  enterprise  and  on  so  large  a 
scale  it  is  simply  impossible  to  use  too  much  caution  and  foresight  and 
provision  for  unexpected  contingencies  that  cannot  fail  to  arrive,  and 
if  not  thoroughly  provided  for,  the  whole  thing  may  be  wrecked.  We 
see  by  the  daily  papers  that  whenever  a  number  of  persons  come  to- 
gether for  a  common  end  as  in  business  partnerships,  and  for  any 
purpose  whatever,  there  are  sure  to  arise  misunderstandings  and  con- 
tentions, lawsuits  and  no  end  of  trouble.  To  get  along  peaceably  is 
the  exception.  And  so  it  will  be  a  wise  plan  to  anticipate  trouble 
even  in  this  attempt  at  co-operation — that  is  in  the  start.  When  once 
well  under  way,  all  the  machinery  in  its  place,  there  will  be  less 
danger  of  rupture." 


60  Ann  Street, 

NEW  YORK,   March  nth,   1885. 
PARKE  GODWIN,  Esq. 
Dear  Sir  : 

This  will  introduce   Albert  K.  Owen,  Chief  En- 
gineer of  the  new  railroad  across  Mexico.  - 

He  is  a  firm  Co-operator,  and  has  a  fine  plan  for  co-operative  work 
in  connection  with  his  road. 

I  have  known  Mr.  Owen  for  ten  years  as  a  practical,  energetic,  be- 
nevolent man. 
I  think  his  scheme  will  suit  you  exactly. 

Truly  yours, 

SAMUEL  LEAYITT. 

to  L*?ayette  Place, 
;>EW  YORK,  4— i6-'85. 

Mr.  Henry  George, 

Dear  Mr.  George, 

Let  me  introduce  to  you  my  old  friend  Mr. 

Albert  K.  Owen,  Chief  Engineer  oi  the  American  &  Mexican  Pacific 

• 


APPENDIX.  JQ 

R.  R.  Co ,  a  man  whom  you  will  be  glad  to  know— for  he  is  made 
of  just  the  saltest  of  the  salt  of  the  earth. 

Ever  yours  truly, 

JAMES  REDPATH. 


Philadelphia,  4—22-1885. 
My  Dear  Friend, 

My  delay  in  writing  to  you  about  your  great 

project  on  the  Pacific  is  because  I  find  it  difficult  to  express  the  wonder 
that  your  description  of  it  excites,— not  only  in  its  detail,  but  in  the 
extent  that  it  embraces.  I  mean  in  ideas^  and  not  geographical.  I 
have  no  doubt  you  will  find  many  people  whose  sympathies  are  largely 
with  you,  and  who  would  take  hold  of  the  enterprise  but  that  their 
sympathies  in  other  directions,  and  their  attractions,  habits,  and  re- 
sponsibilities prevent  it.  It  is  Just  what  we  are  all  hoping  for — a  sort 
of  heaven  on  earth — always  just  within  our  grasp  and  seldom  reached. 
If  you  can  harmonize  the  various  dispositions,  and  dovetail  the  "an- 
gularisms  "  of  Humanity,  you  will  do  as  much  in  the  execution  of  your 
project  as  you  have  in  the  planning  of  it.  I  am  glad  to  see  that  you 
appeal  less  to  the  selfishness  of  Humanity  and  more  to  its  ennobling 
qualities  The  more  I  read  of  your  paper  the  more  I  am  surprised  at 
your  adjusting  qualities. 

Before  I  was  50  years  of  age,  and  I  celebrated  my  5oth  birthday  in 
reading  late  at  night  the  first  news  of  the  Bull  Run  battle  (it  was  July 
2ist  1861),  I  did  not  feel  that  I  should  ever  get  old.  Then  and  for 
sometime  afterwards  I  grew  a  year  older  each  year,  and  now  I  grow 
two  years  older  every  12  months  ;  and  I  dare  not  allow  myself  to  en» 
tertain  a  thought  of  doing  more  toward  your  enterprise  than  to  wish  it 
well,  which  I  do  very  heartily,  etc.,  etc. 

£.  M.  DAVIS. 

To  A.  K.  Owen, 

New  York  City. 


APPENDIX,  No.  6.^ 

FRANCE. 

("  The  Press."— Philadelphia,  Jan,  1885.) 

This  is  Mr.  Henri  Rochefort's  review  of  the  past  year.  *'  The  yeaf 
£nishes  in  the  mud,"  he  says.  "  It  will  have  cost  as  much  money,  as 
many  dead,  and  more  shame  than  the  year  of  the  German  war.  It 
has  been  marked  by  plagues  of  all  sorts — the  cholera,  massacres  in 
Tong-king,  the  repulses  at  Formosa,  the  ruin  of  the  finances,  the 
bankruptcy  of  several  Senators  and  Deputies,  the  refusal  of  the  swin- 
dlers of  the  majority  in  the  Chamber  to  vote  the  budget,  and,  finally, 
the  robbery  of  a  milliard  committed  by  the  President  of  the  Council, 
with  the  complicity  of  the  ignoble  gang  who  recognize  him  as  their 
chief.  Never  at  any  epoch,  or  under  any  government,  in  any  country, 
has  such  a  heap  of  crimes,  of  frauds,  of  piracies,  and  of  assassinations 
been  perpetrated  as  in  France,  between  the  New  Year's  Day  and  the 
St.  Sylvester's  Day  of  1884." 

("  The  Press."— Philadelphia,  Aug.  1885.) 

— "  There  are,"  says  the  Paris  National,  "  in  France  36,000,000  of 
human  beings  who  work  hard  from  morning  to  evening,  and  do  harm 
to  no  one-  There  are  besides  in  this  country  300,000  rascals  who  rob 
and  murder,  and  who  pass  by  the  name  of  the  army  of  crime.  There 
are,  furthermore,  in.  France  300,000  politicians  whose  sole  occupation 
is  to  excite  class  against  class,  and  whose  avowed  aim  is  the  destruc- 
tion of  every  existing  institution.  With  regard  to  the  36,000,000  of 
Frenchmen,  nobody  pays  any  attention  to  them;  but  the  other  600,000 
are  the  object  of  the  most  careful  solicitude  on  the  part  of  the  govern- 
ing classes." 

CUBA. 
(The  Two  Republics.— Mexico  City,  Feb.  \tyh,  1885.) 

The  condition  of  Cuba  is  truly  lamentable.     A  correspondent  and  a 
native  of  that  island  writes  to  a  friend  abroad,  sketching  the  existing 
(So) 


APPENDIX.  gx 

situation  in  colors  of  the  gloomiest  hue.  "  This  beautiful  country," 
he  writes,  "  that  but  lately  attracted  the  admiring  gaze  of  the  world,  is 
decaying,  is  sinking  into  death.  The  commerce,  the  wealth,  the  great 
prosperity  and  credit  that  its  merchants  and  planters  enjoyed  from 
1832,  to  1876,  all  have  terminated.  During  the  year  1884,  more  than 
1,700  business  houses  have  fallen  into  bankruptcy.  More  than  five 
thousand  vacant  houses  are  to-day  counted  in  Havana.  Cuba  has 
never  before  witnessed  the  frightful  misery  that  to-day  everywhere 
prevails.  From  this  misery  results  an  alarming  increase  of  crime;  of 
prostitution,  without  example  in  the  history  of  this  people,  of  a  hope- 
less discouragement  that  threatens  social  annihilation  The  harbors, 
once  so  full  of  ships,  where  could  be  seen  the  flags  of  all  nations,  are 
deserted;  only  the  colors  of  Spain,  and  occasionally  those  of  America 
and  England  are  now  seen  in  our  ports.  Hope  of  the  future  has  al- 
most vanished,  and. about  all  that  remains  is  a  yearning  to  escape  ruin 
by  abandoning  the  island."  It  is  stated  that  all  eyes  are  now  turned 
toward  Mexico  as  a  country  in  which  to  settle.  Emigration  has  indeed 
already  commenced  and  many  tobacco  raisers  have  abandoned  Cuban 
soil  to  seek  that  of  Mexico.  The  emigration,  even  of  the  better-to-do 
classes,  ,is  so  surprising  that  the  movement  has  been  compared  to 
that  of  1868,  when  so  many  thousands  of  Cuba's  sons  fled  from  the 
rigor  of  despotism.  Members  of  the  present  government,  witness  with 
mingled  feelings  of  pain  and  pleasure  a  movement  that  is  transferring 
capital  as  well  as  the  best  people  from  this  ruined  island  to  Mexico  in 
search  of  new  industries,  or  to  establish  the  enterprises  that  are  hope- 
lessly ruined  in  Cuba. 

(New  York  Tribune.  Aug.,  1885.) 

I  am  told  that  Cuba  has  not  paid  her  civil  list  a  salary  for  five 
months,  or  her  army  for  three.     She  has  a  debt  of  $46,000,000,  and  a 
yearly  deficit  which  is  swelling,  that  amount  at  a  rapid  rate.     Cuba  is 
systematically  robbed  by  Spain.     Her  people,  however,  do  not  foot 
all   the   bills,. although   their   share  is  heavy  enough.     Cuba  is  a  con- 
venient bank  through  which   Spain   frequently  draws  on  the  United 
States.    It  is  a'curiosity  of  our  relations  with  Cuba  that  we  sell  wheat 
jto  Spain,. which,  after  being  ground  into  flour,  is  shipped-  to  Havana, 
.and  sold  at  a  profit.  .  Wheat  has  been  .shipped  from  this  country  to 
•Liverpool,  thence  to  Spain,  and  then  as  flour  to  Cuba,  and  1: 
.turned  a  profit  on  each  transaction.     Flour  used  to  « 
•barrel  in  Havana.     When  it  is  $6  in  New  York,  with  a  di; 
jthen.costs  about  $12  in  Cuba,  .  .The  Spaniard  gets  the  profit,  at  our 


82  APPENDIX. 

expense  in  trade.  I  am  told  that  in  all  the  issues  of  Cuban  money 
vast  overissues  have  been  made.  A  few  years  ago  there  was  an  issue 
of  paper  money,  the  printing  of  which  was  intrusted  to  United  States 
establishments,  and  $14,000,000  were  printed  in  addition  to  the 
authorization,  and  were  duly  signed  by  corrupt  officials  who  divided 
the  millions  among  themselves.  The  Captain-General  during  whose 
Administration  this  financial  stroke  was  made  came  to  Cuba  in  abject 
poverty,  and  went  back  to  Spain  in  a  year  and  a  half  worth  two  and 
a  half  millions  of  dollars. 

("  The  Sun^—Augtist  25,  1885,) 

There  is  hardly  a  spot  on  this  globe  to  which  clings  so  much  of  the 
romance  of  story  and  of  song  as  to  the  rocky  and  picturesque  old 
Spanish  province  of  Grenada.  Every  reader  of  its  eventful  history 
must  many  times  have  longed  to  visit  it,  and  he  "keeps  a  place  apart 
for  it  in  his  memory.  To-day  it  presents  one  of  the  most  pitiable  specta- 
cles in  the  world.  Its  inhabitants,  yet  suffering  from  the  effects  of 
the  frightful  earthquakes  which  raced  up  and  down  the  line  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  last  winter,  rending  the  earth  with  strange 
fury,  and  tumbling  cities  and  villages  into  ruins,  are  now  at  the  mercy 
of  the  cholera  scourage,  without  doctors  or  nurses,  without  medicines 
to  help  the  suffering,  or  coffins  to  contain  the  dead.  Dead  and  dying 
lie  in  the  streets  and  gutters,  and  there  is  nobody  to  remove  them  but 
convicts  and  soldiers  driven  to  the  work  by  the  orders  of  the  govern- 
ment. 

It  requires  a  strong  effort  of  the  imagination  for  persons  living  be- 
yond the  reach  of  this  plague  to  picture  such  scenes  as  are  now 
being  enacted  under  the  blazing  sun  of  southern  Spain.  It  is  a  spec- 
tacle to  excite  the  pity  of  the  world.  Well  may  the  beholder  recall 
the  burden  of  the  old  Moorish  lament,  "  Woe  is  me,  Albania  !  " 


DECLINE   OF   THE   RUSSIAN   NOBILITY. 

St.  Petersburg  Correspondence  New   York  Si  en. 

It  is  a  general  opinion  of  the  best  observers  here  that  the  Russian 
nobleman  is  fast  degenerating.  He  is  bound  to  yield  his  place  to  a 
new  blood.  Public  schools,  colleges  and  universities  of  to-day  are 
preparing  here  a  new  generation  of  boy*  who  boldly  push  to  the  front, 
not  the  least  abashed  that  their  families  are  not  inscribed  in  any  ''vel- 
vet book."  £To  matter  whether  this  homo  novus  is  the  son  of  a  village 


APPENDIX.  g- 

priest  or  of  a  country  physician,  or  of  a  merchant,  or  a  tradesman,  of 
of  a  peasant,  or  of  a  Government  clerk,  he  is  bound  to  get  his  due  by 
virtue  of  his  education  and  personal  ability  and  energy.  In  his 
rescript  issued  on  the  occasion  of  the  nobles' jubilee  (May  3),  the 
Czar  has  virtually  admitted  that  his  titled  class  of  people  is  in  a  state 
of  hopeless  bankruptcy,  and  in  order  to  save  their  lands  from  the 
hands  of  speculators  he  has  ordered  the  establishment  of  a  special 
Nobles'  Land  Bank,  by  means  of  which  the  State  will  be  the  sole 
creditor  of  the  bankrupted  nobles.  Recently  in  a  Moscow  court 
there  figured  a  certain  Prince  Galitzin.  He  was  tried  and  condemned 
for  a  petty  crime.  Prince  Mestchersky  in  his  Citizen  on  that  occasion 
said:  "  I  remember  very  well  when  this  Prince  Galitzin,  a  brilliant 
officer  of  the  Imperial  Guard,  by  marriage  came  into  relations  with 
such  families  as  Count  Kusheloffs  and  Stroganoff's.  And  now  the 
same  Prince  is  proved  a  common  swindler  !  Is  he  an  exception  to  a 
general  rule?  Not  at  all.  There  is  a  direct  relation  between  the 
criminal  and  his  own  titled  class.  The  high  life  of  to-day  is  not  what 
it  used  to  be  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  Formerly  our  nobles  valued 
most  noble  principles,  and  now  all  prostrate  themselves  before  the  golden 
calf.  Honor,  honesty,  duty,  everything  is  put  on  the  altar  of  that  deity. 
They  do  not  mind  borrowing  money  under  worthless  pledges.  They 
are  ready  to  dishonor  their  family  name  every  day  provided  they  will 
get  by  so  doing  money  for  women,  champagne,  horses  and  similar  dis- 
sipations." Such  are  the  Russian  nobles  of  to-day  according  to  the 
Citizen,  and  yet  the  Czar  urges  them  to  see  to  it  that  the  children  of 
the  country  at  large  be  brought  up  in  the  rules  of  honor,  honesty  and 
faith. 

Gen.  R.  Brinkerhoff  declares  that  we  cannot  blink  at  the  fearful  fact 
that  the  tide  of  crime  is  rising.  He  would  gladly  doubt  it,  and  figure 
it  away,  if  he  could,  but  the  statistics  are  pitiless.  National,  State 
and  county  statistics  all  concur  that  the  flood  of  crime  creeps  upward 
year  by  year.  "  It  must  be  checked  or  it  will  overwhelm  us/'  he 
exclaims. 


THE   UNITED   STATES. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  M.  Scudder,  of  Chicago,  who  was  for  many 
years  a  missionary  in  India,  expresses  the  opinion  that  for  "  unmixed 
wickedness  and  utter  moral  depravity,  no  city  of  Asia  could  equal 
Chicago  or  New  York,"  and  that  this  continent  has  a  class  of  villains, 
"lower  and  meaner  than  the  lowest  and  meanest  in  India  or  China." 


84  APPENDIX. 

Cincinnati  Enquirer  :—  A  well  known  professional  "  sport  "  re- 
cently estimated  the  number  of  men  in  Cincinnati  who  lived  by  gam- 
bling— that  is,  men  who  did  nothing  but  gamble,  and  never  earned  a 
cent  at  any  legitimate  business — at  1,000.  This  included  p ambling 
house  proprietors,  employees,  cappers,  outs'de  men,  etc.,  but  it  did 
not  include  those  who  combine  business  with  gambling,  and  the  many 
men  who  play  poker  beyond  the  reach  of  police  regulation.  The 
"sport's"  estimate  was  probably  a  low  one,  but  it  was  appalling 
enough. 

Mr.  Lawrence  said: — "  If  there  is  any  place  in  the  world  that  repre- 
sents Sodom  and  Gomorrah,  it  is  Boston,  to-night  (Feb.  I3th,  1885). 
If  there  is  any  place  in  the  next  life  where  the  punishment  is  more 
severe  than  any  other,  it  must  be  for  those  who,  for  the  sake 
of  money,  corrupt  our  youth  and  destroy  their  body  and  souls.  You 
cannot  conceive  of  the  depravity  until  you  see  it."  Mr.  Lawrence  said 
that  he  is  a  member  of  twenty-seven  charitable  societies. 

SEATTLE,  King's  Co.,  Washington  Territory, 

August  1 5th,  1885. 
Mr.  Owen  : 

I  have  examined  the  whole  country  from  the  Mississippi  to  Puget 
Sound,  over  the  Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  The  whole  region  is  grand, 
beautiful  and  capable  of  supporting  millions.  The  policy  adopted  by 
the  Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  and  other  monopolies  has  doomed  the 
whole  country  from  being  prosperous,  and  therefore  no  one  should 
come  out  here  and  settle  until  a  change  for  the  better.  How  are  mat- 
ters getting  along  with  you  in  your  new  enterprise  ?  Write  me  all  the 
particulars  as  I  am  interested  in  its  welfare.  All  well.  Address  as 
above  to, 

PETER  P.  GOOD. 


ENGLAND. 

CARLYLE,  whose  mortal  remains  English  authorities  were  desirous 
to  honor  as  one  of  the  "  chosen  of  the  crown,"  uses  these  words 
regarding  the  English  people  : — 

"  British  industrial  existence  seems  fast  becoming  one  vast,  prison- 
swamp  of  reeking  pestilence,  physical  and  moral — a  hideous  living 
golgotha  of  souls  and  bodies  buried  alive;  such  as  Curtius'  gulf,  conv 
municating  with  the  nether  deep  the  sun  never  shown  upon  till  now. 
'*  "*' Thirty  'thousand  outcast  needle  women  working  themselves 


APPENDIX.  g5 

swiftly  to  death,  and  three  million  paupers  rotting  in  forced  idleness 
helping  the  needle-women  to  die.  These  are  but  items  in  the  sad  led- 
ger of  despair." 

What  a  terrible  commentary  is  this  upon  English  statesmanship 
and  professed  Christian  principles,  upon  a  government  claiming  to  be 
a  model  of  perfection  to  be  imitated  of  all  men. 

("  The  Sun:'— Sept.  9,  1885.) 

The  Lancet  lately  gave  a  dreadful  picture  of  the  unsanitary  plight 
of  Windsor.  It  entirely  agrees  with  the  report  made  by  a  special 
agent  of  the  Builder  fourteen  years  ago,  and  is  confirmed  by  a  well- 
known  Windsor  clergyman  who  writes:  "  In  South  Place  in  this 
town  there  are  forty-two  houses  with  a  population  varying  from  170 
to  210.  To  these  forty-two  houses  there  are  fourteen  closets,  all 
without  water.  Ten  of  these  houses  have  no  '  backs,'  no  sinks,  no 
closets.  All  are  without  water.  There  are  in  these  ten  houses  just 
fifty  people  without  the  common  decencies  of  life."  The  medical 
officer  admits  all  this,  but  adds  :  "  I  do  not  feel  justified  in  condemn- 
ing these  houses  as  unfit  for  habitation."  Such  is  royal  Windsor. 
No  wonder  the  Prince  of  Wales  got  his  typhoid  there. 


LONDON'S  HORRIBLE  TRAFFIC  IN  WOMEN 

{London  Special  to  the  New  York  Evening  Post.) 

An  extraordinary  revelation  has  just  burst  upon  us  through  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette.  This  paper  created  a  sensation  last  Saturday,  July  '85, 
by  "  A  Frank  Warning  to  Our  Readers,"  saying  that  as  the  criminal 
law  amendment  to  the  bill  to  increase  the  age  at  which  a  female  can 
become  a  consenting  party  to  unlawful  cohabitation  seemed  likely  not 
to  pass,  it  had  determined  to  lay  the  case  for  it  before  the  public,  and 
it  warned  its  readers  who  wished  still  to  live  in  a  false  heaven  of  purity 
not  to  read  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  for  three  days,  To-day  it  prints 
five  pages  on  the  subject  entitled  "  The  Maiden  Tribute  of  Modern 
Babylon."  An  editorial  entitled  "  We  bid  You  be  of  Hope  "  says  : 
"If  chivalry  is  extinct  and  Christianity  effete,  there  is  still  another en- 
thusiam  to  which  we  may  with  confidence  appeal,  namely,  the  com- 
bined forces  of  democracy  and  socialism."  I  have  just  had  a  ]»\\g 
interview  with  Mr.  Stead,  the  editor.  His  investigation  began  months 
ago.  All  were  conducted  by  members  of  his  staff,  with  one  outsider. 
The  total  expense  was  over  ^300-  He  said :  "  I  have  oscillated  fof 


86  APPENDIX. 

months  between  bishops  and  brothels.  The  tale  he  tells  is  far  too  hor- 
rible for  me  to  repeat.  I  recognize  fully  all  the  harm  I  shall  do,"  said 
Mr.  Stead,  "  but  the  certain  good  will  be  immeasurably  greater. 
We  shall  pass  the  bill,  but  after  what  I  have  gone  through  none  of  us 
will  ever  be  the  same  men  again."  Mr.  Stead  gives  his  personal  word 
as  a  voucher  of  the  absolute  accuracy  of  the  whole  revelation.  "  The 
case,"  said  he,  "is  much  understated.'*  After  receiving  assurance 
that  the  information  given  will  not  be  made  use  of  for  criminal  pro- 
ceedings he  is  prepared  to  give  names,  dates  and  proofs  to  either  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Cardinal  Manning,  Earl  of  Shaftesbury, 
Samuel  Morley,  M.  P.,  Dalhousie  or  Howard  Vincent,  as  representing 
the  English  Church,  the  Catholics,  philanthropy  and  nonconformity, 
Mr.  Stead  says:  "  I  will  go  to  prison  many  times  if  subpoenaed  before 
publishing  the  names  of  people  who  have  given  us  the  details.  I  am 
an  investigator,  not  an  informer;  but  all  the  same  I  have  my  hand  on 
a  veritable  modern  Minotaur  who  lives  in  Piccadilly."  As  regards 
the  details  of  these  articles,  of  which  four  or  five  pages  each  will  ap- 
pear in  the  next  three  days,  they  are  filled  with  horrors  positively  in- 
describable. The  articles  are  classified  into  (i)  the  sale,  purchase  and 
violation  of  children;  (2)  procuration;  (3)  the  entrapping  and  ruining  of 
women;  (4)  an  international  slave  trade  in  girls;  (5)  atrocities  and  brutal- 
ities. "The  significant  thing  is,"  said  Mr.  Stead,  "that  there  has  not  been 
the  slightest  interference  by  the  police  in  ail  the  crimes  which  we  pre- 
tended to  want  to  commit.  The  only  time  they  stopped  us  was  when 
we  tried  to  rescue  one  of  the  victims." 


LONDON  COMPARED  TO  SODOM. 
!  (Mr.  Spurgeon's  Exposition  of  British  Immorality  in  High  Places.) 

LONDON,  June  27. — The  Reverend  Mr.  Spurgeon  has  produced  a 
profound  sensation  by  an  article  over  his  signature  in  to-day's  issue 
of  the  "  Monthly  Review."  In  this  the  great  preacher  narrates  in  de- 
tail the  story  of  the  death  last  year  of  Justice  Williams  in  a  brothel  and 
the  disclosures  brought  out  in  the  Jeffries  case.  He  makes  these 
examples  from  high  official  life  the  basis  of  a  dennunciation  of  Eng- 
lish immorality,  and  he  says  : — 

'*  Sodom  in  its  most  putrid  days  could  scarce  exceed  London  for 
vice,  To  our  infinite  disgust  and  horror  the  names  of  the  greatest  in 
the  land  are  openly  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  filthest  debauch- 
ery and  the  most  hideous  evil  that  drag  in  the  wake  of  vice.  Thes« 


APPENDIX,  g^ 

things  are  alleged  to  be  ..he  chosen  luxury  of  certain  hereditary  legis* 
lators  and  rulers  in  England.  Woe  unto  thee,  England,  when  thy 
great  ones  love  the  harlot's  housetop  !  Deep  is  our  shame  when 
we  know  that  our  judges  are  not  clean  and  that  social  purity  is  put  to 
the  blush  by  magistrates  of  no  mean  degree  !  Yea,  that  courts  of 
justice  lend  themselves  to  covering  up  and  hushing  up  iniquities 
great '  Shall  not  God  be  grieved  by  such  a  nation  as  this?  What  is 
coming  over  us  ?  What  clouds  are  darkening  our  sky  ?  " 

( The  Evening  Bulletin.} 

PHILA.  July  24  '85,  Thomas  Carlyle,  in  his  "  History  of  the  French 
Revolution,"  utters  what  may  prudently  be  taken  as  a  warning  by  the 
present  degraded  nobility  of  Great  Britain.  Some  French  nobles 
spoke  disparagingly  and  even  in  ridicule  of  a  certain  work  called 
"  The  Social  Contract  "  and  written  by  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  who 
called  for  a  reform  in  morals  and  in  government.  The  second  edition 
of  that  book,  said  Carlyle,  was  bound  in  the  skins  of  those  aristocratic 
sneerers.  There  are  many  members  of  the  British  aristocracy  to-day 
not  a  whit  less  corrupt  and  perverse  and  arrogant  than  those  despic- 
able creatures  who  were  swept  out  of  existence  by  the  whirlwind  of 
the  French  Revolution.  Let  them  beware  how  they  exasperate  the 
common-sense  of  England  beyond  endurance.  There  is  approaching 
a  tremendous  downfall  of  shams,  of  Established  Church,  of  hereditary 
legislation,  of  privileged  sensualism,  perhaps  of  monarchy  itself.  It 
rests  with  the  shams  whether  they  will  accept  elimination  peace- 
fully, or,  by  pushing  their  outrages  to  an  extreme,  bring  down  upon 
themselves  an  avalanche  in  which  they  will  be  violently  destroyed. 

( The  Evening  Post.) 

NEW  YORK,  July  I,  1885.— If  our  own  finances,  says  the  Pall  Mall 
Gazette,  are  to  be  regarded  as  in  disorder — which  they  certainly  are — 
owing  to  a  deficit  of  fifteen  millions,  which  has  yet  to  be  dealt  with, 
what  is  to  be  said  of  those  of  France,  with  her  twenty  odd  millions  of 
deficit,  which  she  is  making  no  preparations  to  meet  by  fresh  taxa- 
tion ?  The  growth  of  the  French  debt  is  indeed  something  appalling< 
When  M.Leon  Say  was  Finance  Minister  he  consolidated  a  large  float- 
ing debt,  and  the  total  of  the  consolidated  debt  then  stood  at  ,£880,- 
000,000,  20  per  cent  more  than  our  own.  Since  then — in  only  three 
years— another  floating  debt  has  sprung  up,  which  by  the  end  of  thfc 
present  year  is  likely  to  attain  ,£80,000,000.  Already  one-third  of  tl  - 
ordinary  budget,  which  stands  at  the  enormous  figure  of  ,£120,000,0-: 


8S  APPENDIX. 

is  required  for  the  services  of  the  regular  debt.  What  is  to  be  done 
Few  people  as  yet  realize  how  fast  old  Europe,  with  its  most  civi- 
lized countries  in  the  van,  is  careering  toward  the  abyss  of  bank- 
ruptcy. 


ENGLAND  HIRES  HER  SLAVES. 

(From  the  London  World.} 

Not  fifty  miles  from  London  there  is  a  rural  postman  who,  twenty 
years  ago,  was  thought  to  be  medically  unfit  for  a  permanent  appoint- 
ment. He  was,  therefore,  made  a  temporary  letter-carrier.  His  wages 
are  twelve  shillings  a  week.  He  has  to  walk  thirty-five  miles  a  day. 
He  is  liable  to  instant  dismissal,  is  not  eligible  for  any  pension  and 
enjoys  no  annual  holiday.  In  England  we  do  not  buy  or  sell  our 
s'aves  ;  we  only  hire  them  temporarily. 


THE  REAL  SLAVES  OF  EVERY  GREAT  CITY. 

(From  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette.} 

How  often — if  we  could  lift  up  the  veil  that  shuts  out  the  hidden 
secrets  of  family  life,  if  we  could  penetrate  into  the  inmost  recesses 
of  the  lives  lived  out  by  many  of  the  unfortunates  in  the  sweater's 
den  of  the  East-end,  if  we  could  for  one  moment  get  at  the  back  of  the 
doctor's  certificate  on  the  death  register,  not  only  of  these,  but  of  our 
'bus  and  tram-men,  nearly  24,000  of  whom  are  without  a  Sunday — 
should  we  find  that  death  came  not  from  natural  causes,  but  from 
murder,  not  from  the  visitation  of  God,  but  from  the  fiendish  brutal- 
ity of  those  whom  He  once  created  in  His  own  image — those,  in  fact, 
•  who  grind  men's  bones,  and  tax  the  blood  of  prostitutes,  not  to  get 
bread,  but  that  they  may  glut  themselves  with  gold. 


By  the  last  Victoria,  Australia,  census,  there  are  shown  to  be  in  that 
province  11,945  single  women  to  every  10,000  single  men,  a  remarkable 
circumstance  for  a  new  country.  It  is  also  curious,  but  true,  that  in 
New  South  Wales,  Tasmania,  and  Western  Australia,  the  three 
colonies  to  which  criminals  were  formerly  transported,  crime  is  more 
common  than  in  colonies  free  from  the  taint.  In  Australia  the  number 
of  prisoners  per  10,000  population  is  ;  Roman  Catholics,  28.28  pet 
cent ;  Protestants,  12.29  >  Hebrews,  10.85,  anc^  a^  others,  15.07  per 
cent.  Not  much  to  the  credit  of  Great  Britain  are  the  figures  show- 


APPENDIX.  g^ 

tng  the  native  Australians  and  Chinese  contributed  far  below  their 
proportion  of  the  inmates  of  prisons.  Scotland  contributed  slightly 
more,  while  England  furnished  50  and  Ireland  118  per  cent. 

The  depression  of  the  coal  trade  in  South  Wales  is  so  serious,  that 
over  40,000  men  are  affected  by  it.  The  national  industries  of  Eng- 
land are  at  a  low  ebb,  and  the  lessened  output  of  coal,  which  arose 
through  a  decreased  activity  in  manufacture,  is  taken  as  special  evi- 
dence of  an  undesirable  and  very  grave  condition. 


Canadian  papers  contain  soine  harrowing  details  of  cruel  evic- 
tions in  that  country.  Irish  history  in  its  worst  form  is  being  written 
at  present  in  the  Dominion.  Poor  tenants  have  been  thrown  out  on 
the  wayside,  houseless  and  homeless,  in  the  orthodox  Irish  fashion 
before  the  coming  of  the  Land  League.  These  imitators  of  the  old 
school  of  landlords,  are  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  who  are,  says  the 
Winnipeg  Times,  at  present  engaged  in  tearing  down  the  shanties  on 
their  property  in  pursuance  of  a  notice  to  vacate  served  on  the 
squatters  some  time  ago. 


Copenhagen  has  been  suffering  a  similar  exposure  to  that  of  the 
Pall  Mall  Gazette^  with  the  more  speedy  result  that  ten  culprits  were 
arrested  and  two  committed  suicide.  A  professor  in  the  University, 
the  president  of  the  leading  scientific  society,  an  eminent  author, 
several  wealthy  merchants  and  one  or  two  magistrates  wore  publicly 
charged  with  the  crimes. 

'  The  Swiss  carry  their  economy  to  the  length  of  inhumanity.  The 
public  hiring-out  of  children  to  the  lowest  bidder,  still  obtains  in  the 
Canton  of  Berne.  A  case  of  this  kind  is  reported  from  Biel,  where 
the  public  crier,  despite  the  tears  and  entreaties  of  the  widowed 
mother,  placed  her  four  young  children  of  10,  8,  6,  and  2  years  for  28, 
31,  40,  and  70  francs  respectively,  for  the  remainder  of  the  year,  thus 
separating  the  family  for  fear  the  woman  might  become  a  burden  on 
the  town. 


Belgium  affords    the   worst  example   in   Europe  of   the  harm  f- 
over-indulgence  in  alcoholic  stimulants.     The  sale  of  liquor  has  • 
more  than  trebled  in  the  last  fifty  years.     While  the  population   has 
advanced   only    from    3,500,000   to    5,5000,000,    the   consumption   of 
spirits,  wine  and  beer,  for  1881   amounted  in  value   to  475,ooo,oouf. 
Although  the  country  is  so  small,  it  contained,  in  1880  no  fewer  than 


9o 


APPENDIX. 


125,000  places  devoted  to  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors.  There 
was  a  public  house  on  the  average,  for  every  twelve  or  thirteen  grown 
up  males.  The  suicides  rose  from  fifty-four  per  million  inhabitants 
in  1848  to  eighty  in  1880.  The  lunatics  advanced  from  720  per  mil- 
lion inhabitants  in  1846  to  1470  in  iSSi. 

JAPAN. 

Mr.  Ilazi  (the  chief  of  a  Japanese  Commission),  who  visited  New 
York,  Dec.  1884,  on  being  interviewed  by  a  reporter  for  the  fleraldt 
spoke  thus  of  the  condition  of  the  poor  in  Japan  : 

"  Is  Japan,  then,  so  very  far  behind  American  civilization  ?"  asked 
the  reporter. 

"  Oh,  very  far,"  said  Mr.  Hazi.  "  In  Japan  the  comforts  of  life 
are  very  few.  We  have  scarcely  any  railroads  or  steamboats,  and  the 
best  we  have  are  way,  way  behind  the  worst  that  one  can  find  in  this 
country.  There  is  one  advantage,  though,  that  Japan  has  over 
America,  and  that  is  that  it  has  no  really  poor  people.  In  New 
York,  and  in  every  other  American  city  that  I  have  been  in,  it  is 
impossible  to  walk  more  than  half-a-dozen  blocks  without  being 
stopped  by  some  wretched-looking  creature  and  asked  for  money 
enough  to  buy  a  dinner  or  a  lodging.  Now,  in  Japan  you  never  see  a 
beggar  on  the  street ;  not  because  the  government  locks  them  up,  but 
because  there  really  are  no  absolutely  poor  people  in  Japan.  There 
is  much  more  wealth  in  America  than  in  Japan,  but  there  is  also  a 
great  deal  more  misery  and  poverty,  and  I  think  that  if  one  could 
make  an  average  of  the  two  countries  he  would  find  that  there  is 
greater  individual  happiness  in  Japan  than  in  America.  Japan  is  a 
heathen,  not  a  *  Christian  *  country/' 

Lately  Japan  has  been  building  railways  and  making  internal  im- 
provements by  means  of  credits  borrowed  on  bonds  held  in  England, 
and  this  is  the  picture  that  that  beautiful  country  now  presents: 

The  Sun,  Sept.  10,  '85.   "  Hard  Times  in  Japan." — (From  the  Japan 

Herald.} — The  country  is  embarrassed  from  end  to  end.     A  decrease 

he  farmers'  rents  is  said  to  be  contemplated  by  the  Cabinet  as 

rt'..V>ost  imperative,  but  then  with  a  view  of  making  up  a  portion  of  the 

:iency  which  such  a  remission  would  create,  soy  and  cakes  are 

threatened  with  the  hand  of  the  tax  gatherer.     In  the  native  papers 

paragraphs  meet  the  eye   in  which  whole  villages  are  reputed  to  be 

reduced  to  destitution,  and  the  Hochi  Sh imbuii  declares    that  "  the 

paupers  wandering  about  Tokio  are  now  numbered  by  thousands." 

Of  the  sad  state  of  affairs  in  the  country  districts  some   idea  may  be 


APPENDIX.  9 1 

formed  from  a  statement  published  in  the  last  issue  of  the  Jiji  Shimpo 
to  the  effect  that  by  recent  investigations  the  arrivals  of  men  who 
have  come  to  the  metropolis  as  jinrikisha  coolies  during  the  last  few 
months  have  readied  8,000,  which  go  to  swell  the  redundant  nnmber 
of  those  engaged  in  that  precarious  occupation  foi  a  livelihood.  Ad- 
ditional evidence  is  afforded  of  the  pressure  of  poverty  by  the  numbers 
far  in  excess  of  requirements,  offering  to  emigrate  to  Honolulu  and 
to  Yesso,  which  latter,  from  the  severity  and  duration  of  its  winters 
does  not  recommend  itself  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  main  island. 


APPENDIX,  No.  ;. 
A  GLANCE  AT  MEXICO— ITS  SITUATION— ITS  FUTURE 

A  K.  Owen  salutes  General  Manuel  Gonzalez,  President  of  the 
United  Mexican  States,  and  in  behalf  of  the  Texas-Topolobampo- 
Pacific  Railroad  and  Telegraph  Company,  thanks  President  Gonzales, 
and  through  him,  Senor  Manuel  Fernandez  y  Leal,  and  those  in 
authority,  for  the  prompt  and  courteous  attention  with  which  the  com- 
pany's business  has  been  received  and  despatched.  Let  Mexico  be 
assured  that  the  company  appreciates  the  favors  which  have  been 
granted  it,  and  in  fulfilling  its  part  of  the  contract,  will  endeavor  to  be 
faithful  to  its  conditions  in  every  particular. 

Mexico  is  a  country  so  interesting  in  its  future,  so  unique  in  its  geo- 
graphical and  commercial  relations  to  continents,  to  oceans  and  to 
peoples,  that  on  an  occasion  so  appropriate  as  this,  and  on  the  eve  of 
leaving  your  good  capital  for  the  United  States,  your  friend  desires  to 
say  a  few  words  relative  thereto. 

The  United  States,  during  the  past  century,  has  occupied,  in  the 
New  World,  the  centre  of  attraction,  and  has  absorbed  the  greater 
part  of  the  interest  and  the  immigration  ;  has  fostered  inventions,  im- 
proved its  instruments  of  payments,  and  has  encouraged  most  the  as- 
sociation of  intelligent  labor:  and  rapid  and  marvelous  has  been 
the  mechanical  and  business  development  of  its  people.  While  the 
United  States  controls  a  very  large  portion  of  the  total  area  of  North 
America,  and  a  population  of  fifty  millions  of  people,  composed  of  all 
nationalities,  there  are  seven  other  republics  on  our  continent  contain- 
ing a  vast  area,  and  about  eleven  millions  of  inhabitants,  all  of  whom 
speak  the  Spanish  language.  North  of  the  United  States  there  is  an- 
other great  area  containing  four  millions  of  people  who  speak  the 
English  and  French  languages.  Altogether,  the  continent  of  North 
America  has  nine  distinct  nationalities,  an  area  of  eight  million  square 
miles,  and  sixty-five  millions  of  people. 

Our  twin  continent  in  the  New  World — South  America — is  repre- 
sented by  fourteen  distinct  nationalities,  who  speak  the  Spanish  and 


APPENDIX.  ±4 

'Portuguese  languages.  They  number  twenty  millions,  and  their  terri- 
tory  contains  seven  million  square  miles.  The  New  World—North 
and  South  America  connected  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama— therefore 
contains  twenty-three  distinct  nationalities,  mostly  republics,  eighty- 
five  millions  of  people,  and  an  area  of  fifteen  million  square  miles. 
This  area  equals  that  of  the  continent  of  Europe  four  times,  and  is 
three-tenths  of  the  whole  land  space  of  the  globe.  Three-fifths  of 
this  entire  area  consists  of  valleys,  prairies  and  plains  of  inexhaustible 
fertility,  while  fhree-fifths  of  the  surface  of  Europe  are  covered  with 
mountains  and  unavailable  lands. 

Mr.  President!  Mexico,  with  her  area  of  863.000  square  miles  and 
her  ten  millions  of  willing  nnd  industrious  people,  stands  in  the  midst 
of  this  area— almost  in  the  centre  of  this  great  population,  for  two 
distinct  nationalities  and  fifty-four  millions  ofEnglish  and  French 
speaking  people  live  to  the  north  of  her,  and  twenty  distinct  nation- 
alities and  twenty-one  and  one-half  millions  of  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese speaking  people  live  to  the  south  of  her  ;  and  as  Mexico  is  in 
the  direct  highway,  is  at  the  half-way  station  between  them,  these  peo- 
ples must  pass  through  her  States  to  associate  and  to  exchange. 

These  Spanish  and  Portuguese  talking  people  and'  these  English 
and  French  speaking  populations  are  neighbors,  are  brothers,  are 
fellow  pioneers  in  a  New  World.  The  love  of  discovery,  the  search 
for  gold  and  silver,  the  restlessness  for  adventure,  the  pride  for  con- 
quest and  the  desire  to  spread  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  brought 
the  Spaniards  and  the  Portuguese  to  these,  our  continents,  full  half  a 
century  earlier  than  the  Pilgrim  fathers  came  to  the  barren,  uninviting 
shores  of  New  England  ;  but  it  has  been  the  misfortune  of  these  good" 
people  to  perpetuate  the  social  life,  the  customs  and  the  crude  civili- 
zation of  three  centuries  ago,  and  to  share  but  little,  if  any,  in  the 
mechanical  progress  so  brilliant  and  enriching  to  the  United  States 
and  to  the  Canadas. 

The  railroads  have  been  the  basis  for  the  great  advancement  which 
has  taken  place  among  the  people  living  to  the  north  of  Mexico.  The 
railroads  have  facilitated,  cheapened  and  mnde  comfortable  inter- 
course, and  have  encouraged  and  fostered  the  diversification  of  home 
industries;  and  the  diversification  of  home  industries  has  developed 
the  physical  forces,  and  has  given  character  to  the  manhood  and  to 
the  womanhood  of  our  English  and  French  speaking  people.  The 
same  ways  with  improved  menns  will  push  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese speaking  people  to  a  much  higher  civilization,  for  here,  in 
Mexico,  particularly,  and  measurably  in  the  States  to  the  South,  the 
climates  and  the  natural  resources  are  better  and  greater  than  in  the 


94 


APPENDIX. 


States  to  the  North;  and  in  them  it  may  be  that  Almighty  causes 
have  designed  that  the  race  shall  be  perfected.  In  them  already 
nature  .unassisted  has  done  more  for  the  floral,  plant  and  fruit  king- 
doms than  in  most  other  districts  on  this  earth  j  and  it  is  in  them  that 
we  find  the  birds  of  Paradise.  And  may  it  not  be  that  here,  too,  one 
day,  will  be  developed  the  grandest  men  and  the  noblest  women.  In 
them  we  have  the  land  of  the  South,  "the  land  of  the  Sun" — the 
everlasting  source  of  warmth,  of  light,  of  color,  of  growth,  of  life— 
and  with  a  mechanical  basis  and  under  modern  skille'd  direction,  why 
should  we  not  have  in  Mexico  and  in  the  States  to  the  South  the  land 
of  intelligent  thought,  co-operative  action  and  equitable  distribution  ? 

The  enlightening  influences  of  the  railroads  are  powerful.  We  owe 
it  to  them  that  local  prejudices  and  that  those  of  race  are  disappear- 
ing; to  them  that  diffusion  of  progressive  ideas  which  will  distinguish 
the  nineteenth  from  all  the  centuries  which  have  gone  before  ;  to 
them  the  suppression  throughout  all  Europe  of  the  passport  system 
and  of  the  simplification  of  Custom  House  regulations— two  annoying 
hindrances  to  liberty  and  to  travel.  And  railroads  will  yet  make  all 
the  people  of  this  New  World  shake  hands,  eat  together,  and  be 
brothers  in  a  common  cause — in  the  cause  of  humanity — in  the  cause 
of  bettering  the  physical  condition  of  each  other.  Railroads,  by 
facilitating  our  ways  of  intercourse,  and  by  bringing  us  constantly  and 
agreeably  together,  will  make  us  speak  one  language,  sing  the  same 
songs,  laugh  at  the  same  jokes,  bow  in  respect  to  one  God,  and  be  at 
home  at  each  other's  fireside. 

The  course  of  empire,  of  trade,  of  conquest,  has  been  along  paral- 
lels of  latitude.  The  course  of  friendship,  of  commerce,  of  inter- 
dependence will  be  along  parallels  of  longitude — for  their  sections 
within  narrow  zones  are  opposites,  and  opposites,  like  man  and 
woman,  are  necessary  one  to  the  other,  hence  love  and  interdepend- 
ence one  with  the  other — uniting  the  North  with  the  South,  the  Saxon 
with  the  Latin,  the  supplement  with  its  complement,  winter  land  with 
summer  land,  the  new  with  the  old;  and  may  Providence  bless  and 
prosper  every  one  and  all  circumstances  which  may  hasten  and 
strengthen  so  greatly  needed  a  result. 

A  glance  at  Mexico  and  her  position  in  the  Old  World — with 
Europe  and  with  Asia — will  complete  the  picture  essayed  in  this 
sketch;  not  in  its  shadows  and  lights,  but  simply  in  its  outlines.  A 
better  artist  must  do  the  colors.  It  would  be  but  a  daub  were  more 
attempted  on  this  occasion. 

Had  there  been  no  continent  for  Columbus  to  discover,  there 
would  have  been  from  Spain  westward  to  Japan ,  China,  British  India 


APPENDIX.  9i 

and  Australia  one  vast  unbroken  waste  ot  waters  covering  more  than 
200  degrees  of  longitude  and  an  area  of  about  14,000  miles  square. 
The  United  States  and  Mexico  interpose  between  the  Occident  and 
the  Orient.  The  South  Atlantic  and  the  Mexican  Gulf  States  of  the 
first,  and  the  Eastern  border  and  California  Gulf  States  of  the  latter 
stand  in  the  "  West  Passage,"  in  the  channel  of  the  long-hoped-for 
"  Secret  Straits,"  in  the  direct  route  from  Europe  to  Asia.  And 
these  facts  bespeak  for  Mexico  no  small  importance,  no  little  influence 
in  the* great  commercial  race  of  the  near  future. 

In  years  now  old,  Egypt  was  to  the  nations  of  the  Mediterranean 
and  to  those  of  the  "  Far  East "  as  Mexico,  in  years  to  come,  will  be 
to  the  nations  of  Western  Europe  and  to  those  of  Eastern  Asia — 
MexiccLwill  be  their  best  portage.  Across  Mexico,  France,  Germany, 
Belgium,  Italy,  Spain  and  Great  Britain  have  greater  natural  advan- 
tages and  better  distances  in  regard  to  time  and  comfort  to  Japan, 
China,  British  India  and  Australia  than  by  any  other  commercial 
lines,  and  when  modern  facilities  are  completed  across  Mexico,  on 
well  selected  routes,  a  large  portion  of  the  $1,725,000,000  worth  of 
exports  from  the  Pacific  shores  of  Asia  and  from  Oceanica  wi'l  be  at- 
tracted across  Mexico  to  exchange  for  the  finished  manufactures  of 
the  nations  living  on  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic ;  and  as  this  com- 
merce is  the  most  lucrative  of  all  exchange  it  will  enrich  every  locality 
where  it  touches  or  rests. 

Eighteen  hundred  and  more  years  ago,  when  naked  savages  festered 
and  feudalized  in  the  islands  now  known  as  Great  Britain,  and  in  the 
greater  part  of  the  continent  now  known  as  Europe;  Carthage  and 
the  Peninsula  nations  of  the  Mediterranean — those  people  living  in 
Asia  Minor,  Greece,  Italy,  Spain — had  well  selected  routes  across 
Persia,  Tartary,  Syria  and  Egypt,  to  China  and  India ;  and  along 
those  routes  there  arose  metropolitan  cities  and  great  trade  centers — 
cities,  the  ruins  of  which  show  a  grandeur  unknown  to  modern  times; 
trade  centers  where  the  merchants  of  Europe  and  Asia  met  to  greet 
one  another  and  to  exchange. 

The  Portuguese,  the  Spaniards,  the  Dutch  and  the  English,  how- 
ever, were  driven  to  new  and  to  ocean  routes  to  reach  India  and 
China.  The  old  caravan  roads  were  deserted,  and  those  nations  liv- 
ing between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Himalayas,  between  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  Wall  of  China,  grew  weak,  broke  into  fragments 
and  perished,  and  Lisbon,  Amsterdam  and  London  became  the  Carth- 
age, the  Venice,  the  Athens,  the  Rome  of  the  new  era,  and  New 
York,  Sydney  and  Melbourne  became  the  halting  places  for  this  corn* 


96  APPENDIX. 

merce,  and  hence,  they  in  their  turn,  became  the  Alexandria,  the 
.Bagdad,  the  Persepolis,  the  Byzantium  of  our  clay. 

But  years  before  the  Christian  era,  far  back  into  the  night  of  ages, 
when  Ellephanta,  Ellora  and  Agra  were  magnificent  and  powerful 
centers  of  dominion,  their  merchants  had  a  portage  across  Mexico, 
through  Oaxaca,  Tobasco,  Chiapas.  Campeche  and  Yucatan,  to  the 
Mediterranean  and  Euxine  Nations,  and  the  line  of  this  portage*  is 
marked  with  as  imposing  piles  of  edifices  at  Palanque,  Mitla,  Chichen- 
Itza,  Uxmal,  as  one  can  find  at  Baalbec,  Arabia  Petraea,  Palmyra, 
Philx;  and  Mr.  President!  what  has  been  will  be  again,  if  like  cir- 
cumstances are  directed  by  like  intelligences. 

Wherever  and  whenever  the  western  nations  have  exchanged  with 
the  eastern  people— wherever  and  whenever  the  Occident  has  selected 
a  route  to  go  to  the  Orient,  there  and  then  and  among  all  people, 
have  been  built  great  centres  of  civilization;  there  and  then  have 
learning  and  arts  been  advanced;  there  and  then  have  the  people 
been  pushed  to  a  higher  plane  of  thought  and  action,  and  as  it  has 
been  in  the  past,  so  is  it  in  the  present,  and  so  will  it  be,  with  in- 
creased advantages  and  security  and  permanency,  under  skilled  inven- 
tions, applications  and  combinations,  in  the  future. 

The  destiny  of  Mexico  is  grandeur!  The  people  of  Mexico  shall 
yet  diversify  their  home  industries,  and  then  they  shall  be  free,  com- 
paratively, from  the  workshops  of  other  lands,  and  with  industrial 
freedom  they  shall  be  great.  It  is  not  independence  of,  nor  depend- 
ence upon,  but  it  is  interdependence  with  other  nations  for  which 
Mexico  must  struggle.  If  the  Mexican  people  advance  as  resolutely 
and  as  uncompromisingly  for  industrial  and  financial  freedom  as  they 
did  for  political  independence,  rapid  and  certain  will  be  their  ascen- 
dency over  those  people  and  nations  who  ride  with  their  backs  to  the 
locomotive  engine  and  never  see  anything  until  it  has  passed. 

The  Architect  of  the  universe  has  placed  Mexico  in  the  direct  route 
between  continents,  between  oceans,  between  zones.  It  does  not 
take  a  prophet  to  foretell  her  future.  The  '*  hand-writing  "  is  plainly 
written  in  the  wake  of  the  ships  as  they  pass  into  the  il  commercial 
currents'*  and  into  the  "trade  winds"  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans.  If  British  India  is  the  "jewel  pendent'*  of  Asia,  Mexico  is 
the  "  jewel  bracelet  "  to  America,  North  and  South — it  is  the  clasp 
in  the  chain  which  binds  the  English  and  French  speaking  peoples  of 
the  cold  countries  with  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  talking  peoples 
of  the  warmer  lands — it  is  the  connecting  key  which  unites  the  land 
where  music  is  but  harmony  with  the  countries  where  music  is  melody. 
Mexico  is  the  half-way  station  between  nations  and  between  conti*  . 


APPENDIX. 


97 


nents.  Mexico  is  the  portage  between  Islands  and  between  Seas. 
Mexico  is  the  mid-ocean  resting  place  for  the  millions  of  Europe  and 
the  hundreds  of  millions  of  Asia  ;  and  these  circumstances  bespeak 
for  Mexico  great  wealth,  great  opulence.  When  Mexico's  system  of 
railroads  is  completed,  East  and  West,  North  and  South,  is  controlled 
by  the  government  in  the  spirit  of  equity,  and  is  made  the  basis  for 
the  diversification  of  home  industries  and  the  security  for  the 
nation's  credit,  then  the  people  of  the  earth  will  come,  by  com- 
mon consent,  to  Mexico  to  exchange  courtesies,  to  negotiate  business; 
for  Mexico  will  then  be  a  mutually  accepted  rendezvous  for  the  mer- 
chants of  the  world ;  and  here  will  be  the  commercial  clearing-house 
lor  the  nations  of  two  hemispheres,  for  the  same  reason  that  Novo- 
gorod,  at  the  junction  of  the  Volga  and  Don,  is  the  accepted  mart  of 
exchange  for  the  merchants  of  Russia  and  China.  In  Mexico  will  be 
made  the  introductions,  here  will  be  given  the  hand-shakings,  here 
will  be  formed  the  friendships  which,  in  their  own  good  time,  will 
bring  "  peace  on  earth  and  good  will  to  mankind. 

Mr.  President  1  such  is  the  destiny  of  Anahuac.  A  greater,  a 
surer  one  no  other  country  has  so  many  advantages  to  build  upon. 

As  an  humble  member  of  the  missionaries  in  this  great  work  of 
progress,  •*  the  Texas-Topolobampo- Pacific  Railroad  and  Telegraph 
Company,"  will  assist  all  and  any  co-operator  in  the  cause  of  Mexico, 
commerce  and  friendship. 

HOTEL  ITURBIDE,  Mexico  City,  Mexico,  June  gth,  1881. 


APPENDIX,  No.  8. 

THE  GUERNSEY  MARKET  HOUSE. 

A.  K.  OWEN  (1879)  :  I*  remains  but  to  furnish  the  ways  and 
means  of  payment  for  the  completion  of  the  plans  suggested.  It  is 
asked  that  impartial  cosideration  now  be  given.  The  subject  is  one 
fraught  with  difficulty  only  because  people  will  insist  upon  acting  as 
their  ancestors  did  in  regard  to  payments,  and  not  as  experience,  rea- 
son and  progress  would  suggest.  There  is  herewith  given  a  quota- 
tion from  Jonathan  Duncan's  work,  entitled  "  Bank  Charters/'  which 
is  very  suggestive.  "  Daniel  De  Lisle  Brock,  Governor  of  Guernsey, 
was  waited  upon  by  a  deputation  of  the  principal  townsmen  of  St. 
Peters,  who  requested  his  countenance  and  assistance  towards  the 
erection  of  a  covered  market,  much  wanted  in  that  town.  The  Gov- 
ernor readily  assented,  and  asked  in  what  way  he  could  assist  them 
most  effectually.  He  was  told  that  the  principal  difficulty  was  to 
raise  funds.  The  governor  replied  that  if  that  was  the  only  difficulty 
he  thought  he  could  surmount  it,  but  would  ask  first,  if  they  had  the 
requisite  stores  of  bricks,  timber,  granite  and  flags;  but,  above  all 
had  they  the  skilled  artisans  and  laborers  required  for  the  building 
of  the  market.  They  replied  that  there  was  no  want  of  labor  or  raw 
material,  that  their  difficulty  was  chiefly  financial.  *Oh,'  said  the 
Governor,  *  if  that  is  all  you  want,  I  will,  as  Governor,  sign,  stamp, 
declare  legal  tender,  and  issue  five  thousand  one-pound  market 
notes.  With  these  pay  for  material  and  wages.  Go  to  work  and 
build  your  market.'  The  market  was  commenced.  The  first  effects 
were  to  animate  trade  by  the  additional  circulation  for  payment  for 
slates,  brick,  etc.,  and  to  increase  the  customs  of  the  shops  by  the  ex- 
penditures of  the  workmen  employed  on  the  market.  In  process  of 
time  the  market  was  finished,  stall  rents  became  due,  and  were  paid 
in  these  notes.  When  the  notes  all  came  in,  the  Governor,  collected 
them,  and  at  the  head  of  a  procession,  with  some  little  form  and 
ceremony,  he  proceeded  to  the  town  cross  and  publicly  burnt  them 
in  the  way  of  cancelment." 
This  is  the  most  important  lesson  and  at  the  same  time  the  most 


APPENDIX 


99 


simple,  ever  given  in  regard  to  works  of  public  necessity.  It  is  sim- 
ply a  municipal  paper  money  (units  of  account),  issued  in  receipt  for 
labor  and  material  used  to  construct  a  work  municipal  in  importance, 
and  after  the  building  is  completed  the  rental  absorbs  the  money 
issued;  the  building  belongs  to  the  city,  and  becomes  a  permanent 
source  of  revenue,  and  thereby  relieves  the  people  of  direct  taxation. 
Jt  is,  further,  a  saving  fund  for  labor,  for  had  the  work  not  been  exe- 
cuted the  labor  would  have  been  idle — would  have  been  lost  forever — 
a  sacrifice  to  the  State  and  to  the  individuals. 


EDWARD  KELLOGG  : — Look  at  this  locomotive ;  inspect  that  steam- 
ship; examine  the  works  of  this  watch.  Did  the  moneyed  man  make 
them?  "  No,"  it  is  answered,  "  but  he  caused  them  to  be  made.  He 
found  the  means.  His  money  was  the  creative  power."  Be  it  so. 
Then  labor  will  make  its  own  money  and  the  capitalist  will  no  longer 
be  needed. 


APPENDIX,  No.  9. 

A   SUGGESTION   FOR   THE   PEOPLE'S   LIBRARY. 

The  following  extract  is  from  the  last  pages  of  a  lecture,  written  in 
the  winter  of  1871-72,  by  A.  K.  Owen,  G.E.,  the  projector  of '.the 
Norfolk-Topolobambo  Pacific.  The  lecture  is  entitled  "The  Rail- 
Toad — Its  History,  Its  Uses." 

Page  59.  "  This  lecture  is  in  behalf  of  the  Territorial  Library 
(Colorado).  I  am  pleased  to  be  the  means  of  adding  a  few  -dollars  to 
forward  a  step  of  such  substantial  progress.  My  remarks  now  nmst 
be  brief:  The  library  and  the  locomotive  engine  have  pone,  are 
going,  and  must  go  on  together.  One  is  the  supplement  of  the  other. 
In  building  libraries  we  take  the  best  way  to  improve  our  facilities  of 
intercourse.  Libraries  are  in  embryo  yet.  It  is  winter  with  them. 
They  are  huddled  up,  apparently  dead.  The  April  showers  of  our 
intellectual  season,  however,  will  come,  the  embryonic  library  will 
swell  little  by  little,  the  sparks  of  the  locomotive  engine,  carbonic  gas, 
electricity,  hot  air  and  chemistry  will  warm  the  atmosphere  and  the 
library  will  burst  a  perfect  camelia,  to  the  joy  and  to  the  blessing  of 
mankind. 

At  another  time  I  will  lecture  on  libraries  alone.  Let  me  say,  how- 
ever, that  libraries  ought  to  receive  the  first  attention  of  every  com- 
munity. They  should  be  central,  commodious,  handsomely  furnished* 
attractive  in  surroundings,  entertaining,  instructive  Put  down  the 
best  American  rugs,  inlay  the  floors  with  the  hardest  woods,  furnish 
the  rooms  and  corridors  with  the  most  comfortable  chairs  ;  hang 
Dore''s  pictures  on  the  walls  ;  place  Canova's  statues  in  the  niches; 
and  put  flowers  everywhere.  Give  room  to  high  art  alone.  Let  all 
be  in  taste.  Never  allow  the  music  to  stop.  Let  it  vibrate  as  per- 
petually as  the  Romish  tapers  burn.  Man  may  never  commit  crime, 
*r  originate  ungenerous  thoughts  under  the  influence  of  soft  sounds. 
If  we  wish  mankind  to  become  better,  we  must  reach  their  inner 
feelings.  Music  will  do  this.  Music  is  harmony.  True  laws  move 
only  in  harmony.  Refined  and  cultivated  associations  must  have  a 
good  influence.  A  person  adopts  his  or  her  manners  more  or  less  to 
the  influences  by  which  he  or  she  is  surrounded.  One  person  is  cul- 


APPENDIX.  101 

tivated,  is  courteous  in  address,  and  is  neat  in  dress.  Another  is 
uncouth,  in  address  is  awkward,  and  to  dress  is  indifferent ;  and  the 
reason  is,  that  one  person  was  brought  up  in  a  beautiful  home,  with 
refined  and  cultivated  surroundings — the  other  was  born  and  reared 
in  a  hovel  amid  its  denials. 

To  make  mankind  useful  and  happy  we  must  better  their  physical 
condition.  This  may  be  accomplished  only  through  co-operation. 
The  individual  efforts  of  mankind  amount  to  but  little.  Co-operation, 
social  democracy,  or  interdependence  is  and  remains  the  hope  o* 
the  highest  civilization. 

A  library  should  be  a  common  fireside  for  each  and  for  all — a 
common  interest,  a  universal  pride.  We  are  taxed  to  keep  up  public 
schools  for  children,  where  at  best  they  learn  but  the  rudiments  for  an 
education.  The  useful,  practical  lessons  of  a  person's  life  are  learned 
after  school  days.  It  is  nearer  essential  to  a  useful,  earnest  sphere 
of  action  to  be  instructed  after  maturity  than  before.  It  is  better  that 
mankind  should  be  attracted  to  study  in  middle  age  than  in  youth. 
Why  not  then  tax  ourselves  per  capita  to  build  and  maintain  libraries 
as  above  suggested  ? 

Remember  they  are  for  us  each  and  for  all,  therefore  do  not  let  us 
forget  to  make  them  in  every  particular  palatial. 

We  may  not  attain  the  people's  library  at  once,  but  within  the  next 
quarter  of  ?.  centurv  we  will  have  passed  beyond  that  which  I  have 
suggested.  The  church  and  the  club  house  will  then  have  passed 
away  and  the  library  will  have  retained  and  improved  upon  the  prac- 
tical uses  of  them  both.*  Demonstrations  is  chemistry  and  practical 
mechanics,  lectures  in  history,  art  and  manners — those  little  courtesies 
due  one  to  another  every  minute  of  our  active  lives, — will  be  free  to 
all  daily.  Science  will  be  looked  upon  as  the  giver  of  all  the  bless- 
ings of  practical  life;  and  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  truth  will  be 
the  study  and  the  labor  of  each  and  every  one  of  us. 

*  The  religion  of  Denmark  is  simply  homage  to  the  beautiful :  belief  without 
dogma,  and  a  gentlemanly  repugnance  to  coarse,  vulgar  crime.  You  cannot  enter  a 
drawing-room  at  Copenhagen,  with  its  atmosphere  of  flowers,  its  frescoes,  casts  and 
paintings,  and  all  the  last  new  books  in  French,  English  and  German,  without  feeling 
that  you  are  among  a  people  who  value  culture  and  grace,  art  and  poetry,  beyond  anf 
amount  of  mere  upholstery  in  ihc  rooms,  or  milliuery  on  the  persons,  or  the  stony 
platitudes  of  formal  fashiou. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


TO  BUILD  HEALTHFUL  CITIES. 

"  In  view  of  the  fatal  mistakes  commonly  made  in  the  construction 
and  drainage  of  cities  and  villages,  as  well  as  in  that  of  dwellings  in 
the  country,  we  commend  to  all  a  careful  reading  of  an  article  on  our 
third  page  from  Albert  K.Owen.  Mr.  Owen  is  a  civil  engineer  of 
great  ability,  and  has  probably  given  this  whole  subject  a  more  ex- 
haustive investigation  and  a  greater  amount  of  study  than  has  been 
gived  to  it  by  any  other  person  in  the  country.  Of  the  peculiar  sur- 
roundings of  the  city  which  Mr.  Owen  proposes  to  build  we  know 
absolutely  nothing,  never  having  given  it  even  the  least  thought  ;  but 
his  plans  for  securing  comfort,  cleanliness,  and  freedom  from  disease, 
are  worthy  of  careful  study. " — The  American  Sentry  >  New  York, 
'May  i,  1884. 


A   TALK  ABOUT   CITIES,    THEIR    PAST,    PRESENT 
AND   FUTURE. 

BY   A.    K.    OWEN. 

One  hundred  years  ago  !  That  is  a  large  measure  of  time  in  Amer. 
ica!  Compared  with  Egypt,  or  Greece,  or  Rome,  our  Republic  is 
yet  in  its  veriest  infancy.  The  ivy-mantled  abbeys  and  rook-haunted 
castles  of  England  date  from  William  the  Conqueror,  over  eight  hun- 
dred years  ago.  One  century  here  sufficeth  to  give  the  stamp  of 
hoary  antiquity,  and  our  nation  is  even  now  celebrating  its  first  cen- 
tennial with  as  much  swelling  pride,  pomp  and  circumstance  as  if  it 
Were  its  fiftieth. 
s  Time,  however,  is  not  tested  by  periods,  but  by  events,  '"  Better," 


I06  SUPPLEMENT. 

writes  Tennyson,  "  fifty  years  of  Europe  than  a  cycle  of  Cathay."  Of 
how  much  value,  then,  is  one  year  in  America,  where  life  is  so  intensi- 
fied ;  where  quick  thronging  events  so  crowd  and  jostle  each  other, 
and  where  rapid  development  is  such  a  very  marvel  that  the  wild 
dream  of  yesterday  becomes  the  sober  reality  of  to-day  ;  where  entire 
communities  rise,  as  it  were,  like  exhalations  from  the  earth,  and 
where  the  magic  growth  of  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  may  soon  find  par- 
allel in  some  far  city  on  the  plains  or  on  the  Pacific  Slope. — CHARLES 
KNIGHT. 

Let  the  purpose  be  to  make  a  park  residence.  Let  business  men 
co-operate  to  build  an  attractive  place  to  live  in.  Let  the  incorpora- 
tors  be  eclectics  and  choose  from  the  best  to  make  a  perfect  city. 
Let  the  company  bring  the  country  with  its  freshness,  pure  air  and 
wholesomeness,  and  the  metropolis  with  its  conveniences,  its  amuse- 
ments and  its  instructions  together.  Let  the  citizens  have  the  trees, 
the  grasses  and  the  flowers  alongside  of  their  electric  ways,  streets 
and  walks.  Let  capitalists  select  a  place  in  the  land  of  the  mid-day 
sun — the  source  of  life,  color  and  happiness.  Let  a  site  on  the  South 
Sea  shore  be  chosen  at  a  point  favorable  for  intercourse  with  Asia, 
Oceanica,  and  the  Pacific  Islands.  Let  us  have  a  home  in  the  course 
of  empire,  of  the  setting  sun,  and  of  diversified  trades — in  that  zone 
which  has  controlled  migration,  commerce  and  progress  in  the  past 
and  present,  and  which,  in  the  future,  will  invite  and  foster  intelli- 
gence, art,  co-operation  and  peace  ! ! 

"  The  first,  the  greatest,  the  paramount  need  of  man  is 
that  of  association."  Man  is  a  social  creature.  Man  ad- 
vances from  barbarism  toward  civilization  in  the  proportion 
that  his  intellectual  development,  his  needs,  his  luxuries, 
and  his  purposes  are  made  interdependent,  with  those  of 
his  fellow-man.  The  ways  and  means  he  adopts  to  ex- 
change his  services,  his  commodities,  his  ideas,  and  his 
every-day  courtesies  mark  the  attainment  of  his  culture. 

Man  leaves  the  caves  and  woods  for  the  fields,  and 
from  the  fields  he  congregates  into  hamlets  ;  hamlets 
become  towns,  towns  grow  into  cities,  and  cities  dominate 
over  their  respective  countries,  be  they  empires  or  be  they 
republics.  "  Whether  Paris  is  in  France  or  France  is  in 
Paris,"  is  still  a  question  in  parts  of  rural  Britain.  London 
is  England.  The  Roman  Empire  was  the  city  of  Rome. 


SUPPLEMENT.  IO7 

History,  past  and  present,  confirms  these  statements. 
In  the  ruins  of  Uxmal,  Palenque,  and  Mitla;  Thebes, 
Baalbec,  and  Luxor;  Babylon,  Palmyra,  and  Agra,  we  learn 
of  the  advance  of  empire,  art,  and  association  made  in 
times  now  ancient  by  the  peoples  of  America,  Africa,  and 
Asia. 

The  tendency  of  the  Europeans  to-day,  more  than  ever, 
is  to  crowd  into  cities.  Each  year  adds  to  the  percentage 
of  the  urban  over  the  rural  classes.  From  the  broad 
green  fields  the  people  collect  into  narrow  streets,  live  in 
rooms  in  lieu  of  houses,  resign  themselves  to  restricted 
liberties  and  to  added  expenses  ;  and  they  do  all  this  that 
they  and  their  children  may  have  the  advantages  of 
diversified  occupations  and  markets  and  the  educations, 
amusements,  and  cultures  which  a  large  population  alone 
can  give.  Hence  we  see  such  worlds  as  London,  Paris,  * 
Berlin,  Constantinople,  Stockholm,  and  St.  Petersburg. 

In  the  United   States  the  rule  is  the  same.f      In  1790 

*  The  number  of  residents  in  Paris  between  the  ages  of  15  and  60 
years  is  greater  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  realm.  People  go  to 
the  city  to  seek  work  ;  at  60  they  leave,  to  spend  their  declining 
years  in  the  provinces  on  their  savings.  The  mean  average  number 
of  births  in  Paris  is  60,000,  or  28  per  1000  inhabitants.  In  1830  this 
percentage  was  38.  In  the  provinces  the  number  of  illegitimate 
children  per  1000  women  between  15  and  50  years  of  age  is  17  per 
cent  ;  the  ratio  is  65  in  Paris.  Typhoid  fever  is  the  most  dangerous 
illness  of  the.  city,  and  generally  attacks  the  young  up  to  25  years.  In 
1 826  there  were  1557  lunatics  in  the  city  asylums.  In  one  in  eleven 
cases  the  malady  was  caused  by  alcoholism.  Of  the  2200  inmates  at 
present  in  the  asylums  one-fourth  have  become  mad  through  drink. 

t  The  Sun,  New  York,  May  I5th,  1885.— It  is  said  that  the  rural 
population  of  some  parts  of  Illinois  is  at  a  standstill,  and  in  some 
counties  has  retrograded  since  1870.  Farmers'  children  abandon  their 
homes  for  the  cities  or  the  far  west. 

The  Press,  Philadelphia,  September  I,  1885.— Population  seems  to 
seek  its  kind,  and  such  inducements  as  our  cities  afford  prove  too  at- 
tractive for  the  rural  population.  In  1880  only  one-ninth  of  the  pop- 
ulation  of  Minnesota  lived  in  cities.  If  the  .state  census,  just  published, 


!  08  SUP-PL  EM  KMT. 

our  cities  contained,  3.3  per  cent,  of  our  total  population. 
To-day,  our  cities  include  nearly  twenty-five  per  cent,  of 
our  inhabitants.  As  we  progress  toward  a  realized  civil- 
ization, the  ratio  must  increase.  The  man  of  nature  lives 
in  the  wilds  and  has  . "  liberty  "  and  nothing  else.  Tho 
man  of  culture  gives  up  his  "liberty,"  seeks  interdepend- 
ence with  his  fellow-beings  and  congregates  into  com- 
munities— hence,  he  requires  close  association  with  man. 
New  York  and  Boston,  about  250  years  old,  have  respect- 
ively 1,000,000  and  350,000  inhabitants.  Chicago  made- 
up  her  half-million  in  a  Httle  over  forty  years,  and  San 
Francisco  her  300,000  in  .thirty-four.  In  New  York  and 
Boston  we  see  the  graves  of  eight  generations  and  the 
relics  of  colonial  times.  Scarcely  one  generation  has. 
known  Chicago  and  San,  Francisco.  There  are  many  per- 
sons still  living  who  have  fought  Indians  and  trapped  wild, 
animals  upon  the  site  of  each.  San  Francisco  has  all  the 
conveniences  and  luxuries  of  the  older  cities  of  Europe, 
and  her  influences  are  acknowledged  in  the  four  quarters 
of  the  globe,  yet  Gen.  Sherman,  in  his  memories,  tells  us 

maybe  credited,  one-fifth  of  her  present  population  live  in  cities. 
Speaking  roundly,  it  maybe  said  that,  in  1790,  one-thirtieth  of  the 
population  of  the  United  States  was  found  in  cities  of  more  than  8000 
population  ;  in  1800,  one-twenty-fifth:  in  iSro  and  also  in  1820,  one- 
twentieth;  in  1830,  one-sixteenth;  in  1840,  one-twelfth;  in  1850,  one- 
eighth;  in  1860,  one-sixth  ;  in  1870,  more  than  one-fifth,  and  in  1880, 
half-way  between. one  fifth  and  one-quarter.  The  tendency  of  modern 
civilization  is  to  mass  population.  The  strong  lights  and  sKadows  of 
our  cities,  the  love  of  society,  the  satisfaction  of  better  shelter,  better 
roads,  stronger-institutions,  lead ••  men  to  crowd  together,  even  when 
unable  to  be  anything  but  dependents  in  the  system  to  which  they 
unite  themselves. 

The  population  of  London  in  1881  was  4,764,312,  the  increase  since 
1871  having  been  22.6  per  cent.  There  are  now  every  week  almost 
twice  as  many  births  as  deaths,  to  say  nothing  of  the  immigration. 
Ope  would,  therefore,  not  be  far  out  of  the  way  in  declaring  that  ther« 
are  in  London  5,000,000  inhabitants. 


SUPPLEMENT.  iO^ 

that  when  he  visited  the  sand  hills  on  and  among  which 
San  Francisco  is  built,  he  could  not  see  how  it  were  pos-. 
sible  for  a  community  ever  to  exist  there. 

A  greater  marvel  for  sudden  and  magnificent  growth  is 
Denver,  not  yet  twenty  years  old.  Her  people  from  all 
sections  and  countries  number  60,000,  and  her  conveni- 
ences and  luxuries  are  abreast  of  the  times.  Yet  as  late 
as  1863  the  writer  could  have  purchased  the  land  on  both 
sides  of  Cherry  Creek,  where  Denver  now  stands,  for  $5,- 
ooo.  The  land  upon  which  Cincinnati  is  built  was  bought 
by  J.  C.  Symrnes,  ninety  years  ago,  for  sixty-seven  cents  an 
acre.  Chicago,  which  has  been  the  magic  city  of  the 
West,  and  which  has  never  ceased  to  astonish  us  and 
Europe,  doubles  its  population  in  eight  years,  but  Minne- 
apolis has  more  than  doubled  its  inhabitants  in  a  little 
over  the  two  years  just  passed,  and  is  now  a  city  of  100,- 
ooo  people.  Within  the  same  time  the  valuation  of  its 
properties  has  increased  $22,000,000.  New  York  doubles 
its  population  in  about  seventeen  years.  During  the  past 
year,  23,000  building  permits  were  issued  in  New  York, 
while  in  Brooklyn  26.088  were  granted.  Thirty-seven 
years  ago  Brooklyn  had  but  50,000  inhabitants  ;  now  it 
has  more  than  790,000,  and  in  all  probability  before  five 
years  have  passed  it  will  have  close  to  1,000,000  persons 
living  within  its  limits.  In  1880,  Tecoma,  on  Puget 
Sound,  had  only  720  persons  living  there  ;  it  is  now  the 
terminus  of  the  North  Pacific  Railroad,  and  has  a  popula- 
tion of  4,000  people,  and  yet  it  is  in  cold  aiid  fog  and  mist 
most  of  the  year.  Duluth,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Superior, 
which  was  almost  unknown  fifteen  years  ago,  is  now  third 
in  the  list  of  grain  receiving  points,  outranking  Milwaukee, 
Toledo  and  St.  Louis.  Upon  May  25th,  1880,  the  site  of 
Pullman  City  was  a  flat,  unattractive  prairie  lying  on  the 
shore  of  a  shallow  lake,  (Calumet.)  Under  the  control  of 
•the  Pullman  Car  Company  it  isr  today  in  many  respects 


HO  SUPPLEMENT. 

the  best  appointed  town  to  be  found  in  the  world.  The 
laying  out  of  its  streets,  the  construction  of  its  buildings, 
and  its  general  management  have  created  a  change  so 
sudden,  so  grand,  so  marvelous  that  it  eclipses  the  magic 
of  Aladdin's  lamp.  Roanoke, Virginia,  is  another  example 
of  immediate  importance  given  to  a  selected  site  for  manu- 
factoiies  by  a  few  business  men  co-operating  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  population  of  Roanoke  was  3,500  in  March 
1883.  It  is  now  6,000. 

So  rapidly  has  urban  property  increased  in  the  United 
States,  and  so  great  with  us  have  been  the  advantages  of 
bringing  the  people  into  close  intercourse  and  exchange 
through  the  attractions  of  city  conveniences,  that  Mr.  Mul- 
hall,  the  English  statistician,  estimates  our  property,  real 
and  personal,  at  the  value  of  fifty  thousand  millions  while 
England  had  but  forty-four  thousand  millions,  and  France 
had  thirty-seven  thousand  millions.  Considering  that  it  is 
only  about  265  years  since  a  really  live  settlement  was 
made  in  the  American  woods,  this  is  doing  well.  France 
and  England  have  civilizations,  so-called,  which  date  back 
anywhere  from  1,500  to  2,000  years.  The  association  of 
man  with  man  was  slow  with  the  donkey,  ox-cart,  stage- 
coach, canal  boat  and  sailing  craft ;  the  locomotive  engine 
and  the  steamboat  gave  association  a  sudden  impetus,  but 
we  live  at  present  in  the  age  of  compressed  air,  electric 
motors,  perfected  machinery,  matured  experiences,  and 
associated  partnerships.  By  thought  and  integral  co-opera- 
tion to-day  changes  can  be  effected  and  results  attained  within 
fve  years  which  were  impossible  any  age  before  in  a  life- 
time. 

The  rural  properties  of  the  United  States  are  valued  at 
a  few  thousand  millions  while  the  urban  are  worth  many, 
and  yet  the  towns  and  cities  on  the  map  are  but  dots. 
Distant  from  settlements,  lands  are  held  free  to  settlers; 
as  the  distance  toward  communities  lessens,  tije  valued  of 


SUPPLEMENT.  I T  x 

land  increases  ;  within  town  limits  properties  are  sold  by 
the  "  lot,"  or  business  and  home  area ;  in  larger  or  more 
important  communities  by  the  "  front  foot,"  but  in  cities 
of  the  first  class  land  is  sold  by  the  "  square  foot,"  and  at 
fabulous  prices.*  It  is  estimated  by  persons  who  have 
laid  out  lands  and  settled  them  that  a  well-situated  town 
site  is  worth  one  million  dollars  to  each  one  thousand 
persons  induced  to  settle  on  it  permanently,  and  we  think 
this  statement  will  bear  close  investigation.  It  was  such 
speculative  calculations  which  prompted  the  promoters  of 
Vineland,  Sea  Island  City,  and  other  resorts  on  the  New 
Jersey  coast  and  elsewhere,  which  have  come  into  import- 
ance so  suddenly  of  late  years.  It  is  the  same  with  H.  I. 
Kimball,  of  hotel  fame,  in  his  proposed  plan  to  lay  out  a 
suburban  district  to  Atlanta,  Ga. 

His  idea  is  to  procure  a  million  of  capital  and  spend 
half  of  it  in  paying  for  400  acres  of  land  and  certain  im- 
provements thereon,  $50,000  for  a  park,  $150,000  for  a 
mile  of  street,  paved  and  graded  ;  $50,000  for  a  central 

*  It  is  stated  that  the  Astor  family  have  built  upon  their  New  York 
property  high  buildings  and  rented  them  at  prices  which  bring  in  an 
income  of  $3.  per  square  foot.  A  lot  25  x  150=3,750  square  feet  at 
$3=.$i  1.250. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  taxable  property  in  the  city  of  New  York 
(1885)  is  $1,175,052,885,  or  55,4i9»799  higher  than  in  1884. 

In  a  report  upon  the  overcrowding  of  Dublin,  Dr.  Cameron  points 
out  certain  of  the  disastrous  results  of  the  desertion  of  the  city  by 
wealthy  families,  who  prefer  to  live  abroad  or  in  England.  Their 
empty  houses  are  for  the  most  part  turned  into  tenements  for  the 
poorest  class  of  the  population,  huddled  together  with  an  appalling 
disregard  to  health  and  cleanliness.  No  less  than  32,202  families  live 
in  7,284  houses,  containing  48,116  rooms.  In  addition  to  being  over- 
crowded, the  people  of  Dublin  are  scandalously  robbed  in  the  matter 
of  rent,  for  175  houses,  which,  as  freeholds,  are  valued  at £8,677,  are 
sublet  to  poor  tenants  at  rates  which  produce  an  income  of  £8,311. 
One  house  which  is  valued  at  £8  is  occupied  by  eight  families,  who 
pay  £82  a  year  in  rent. 


j  !  2  SUPPL  EMENT. 

stand-pipe  for  water-works,  electric  light,  and  heater  and 
to  build  fifteen  houses  for  $10,000  each. 

Mexico  has  recently  taken  up  the  idea  of  the  great  value 
Industrial  communities  would  be  to  her  prosperity;  and 
has  given  several  colonization  concessions.  The  govern- 
ment agrees  in  one  instance  to  pay  the  concessionists  $60 
for  each  colonist  over  seven  years  of  age  introduced  into 
the  country,  and  will  give  in  addition  a  premium  of  $25 
on  each  family  landed,  and  $100  on  each  family  settled. 
The  government  also  relieves  the  members  of  such  com- 
munities from  all  import  duties,  State  and  local  taxes  for 
fifteen  years,  and  in  instances  gives  large  subsidies  to 
manufacturers. 

How  to  meet  in  an  intelligent  way  the  ever  increasing 
desire  of  man  to  congregate  and  to  dwell  together,  under 
conditions  mutual,  beneficial,  and  wholesome,  is  a  problem 
worthy  of  the  co-operation  of  the  best  talent,  study,  and 
experience  of  our  race  and  of  our  time.  The  cities  of 
Europe  and  America  are  but  miserable  attempts  toward 
such  purposes.  They  have  universally  come  into  import- 
ance by  the  combination  of  circumstances,  foreign  to  the 
forethought  of  their  inhabitants,  and  are,  in  consequence, 
lamentably  deficient  in  every  one  of  their  varied  depart- 
ments which  are  essential  to  meet  the  ever  increasing  de- 
mands made  by  their  citizens  and  "  the  stranger  within 
their  gates."  Their  streets  are  narrow,  circumscribed, 
and  illy-arranged,  or  a  jumble  of  passage-ways  barricaded 
with  mud  or  dust  or  filth  ;  their  building  lots  are  small 
and  irregular  and  have  lines  ever  in  dispute ;  their  sewer- 
age is  a  patchwork  of  subterranean  cess-pools-,  their 
water  supply  is  inferior  in  quality  and  deficient  in  quanti- 
ty ;  their  managers  are  too  often  an  unthinking,  irrespon- 
sible set  of  office-seekers  ;  and  the  result  is  over-crowded, 
illy-ventilated,  pestilential,  non-fire-proof  houses,  over- 


SUPPLEMENT.  ,,3 

topling  air-castles  and  under-ground  hovels,*  railroads  in 
the  air  and  beneath  the  streets,  heavy  and  ever-increasing 
taxations, t  with  disorder,  disease,  crime,  insecurity,  and 
discomfort,  great  and  perpetual  debts, t  few  births  and 
many  deaths. 

The  way  out  of  these  difficulties  is  the  same  which  will 
Solve,  one  day,  all  difficulties  from  which  mankind  is  suf- 
fering. Purpose,  thought,  integral  co-operation.  A  work 
virell  planned  and  started  is  half  accomplished.  So  it 
would  be  with  a  city.  Select  a  desirable  area  free  from 
incumbrance,  lay  out  the  streets,  walks,  avenues,  and  pub- 
lic areas,  and  make  the  same  public  forever.  Be  eclectic. 
Select  the  good  features  from  the  cities  of  the  world.  See 
that  the  mistakes  of  other  communities  are  guarded 
against.  Why  fun  new  vessels  upon  old  rocks  ?  If  there 
is  an  attractive  feature  belonging  to  hamlet,  village,  of 
city,  the  physical  lay  of  the  new  area  permitting,  adopt  it 
with  improvements  into  the  new  plan.  Bring  the  "  parks  " 
of  London  and  the  "  circles  "  of  Washington  close  to  the 
"  Battery  r'  at  Charleston, 

"  Castle  Garden  "  at  New  York,  "  Lincoln  Park  "  at 
Chicago,  the  streets  of  Venice  (ever  clean  and  free  from 
horses),  the  "  Boulevards "  of  Paris,  "  Commonwealth 

*  Of  Naples'  495,000  population,  350,000  live  underground  in 
noisome  cellars  which  extend  far  back  from  the  street.  Crime  is  so 
rampant  that  in  many  thickly  populated  quarters  of  the  city  highway 
robberies  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  broad  daylight.  The  natives 
feel  that  the  world  oWes  them  a  living,  and  they  are  going  to  get  it. 
Defending  the  criminals  gives  occupation  to  Ii,oo0  lawyers  of  the 
Italian  school,  who  work  for  fees  ranging  from  five  cents  upward. 

't  The  ordinary  revenues  of  the  city  of  Paris  are  ^54»494»983  *rancs 
($50,898,996)  per  annum. 

\  Mayor  Grace  says  New  York  City's  debt  is  $126,000,000. 

The  Press,  Philadelphia,  July  18,  '85:-— The  municipal  debts  of  the 
five  principal  cities  of  New  York  are:  New  York,  $90,844,055; 
Brooklyn,  $37,775,630;  Buffalo,  $7,97 i,i67;  Rochester,  $5,284,00^ 
and  Albany,  $3,103,000. 


114 


SUPPLEMENT, 


Avenue  "  of  Boston,  "  East  Broad  Street  "  of  Columbust 
"  Eutaw  Square/'  Baltimore,  "  Euclid  Avenue."  Cleveland, 
the  "  Cliff  House  "  fronting  the  Golden  Gate,  the  "  Prada  " 
of  Vienna,  the  shades  of  the  towns  of  the  Connecticut 
Valley,  the  magnolias  at  Savannah,  the  sewerage  at  Pull- 
man, the  water  of  a  Lake  Tahoe,  or  better  still,  artesian 
currents  as  at  Brooklyn,  the  houses  of  the  Moors,  and 
the  residences  at  Newport  and  West  Washington  are  ever 
attractive,  and,  if  possible,  the  better  features  of  each 
should  be  associated  within  one  community.  Withal,  have 
a  central  or  corporation  management  from  the  start,  say 
an  improvement  of  that  at  Pullman,  the  stock  to  be  based 
upon  the  lots,  (the  minimum  25  x  150  feet,)  and  the  holders 
to  vote  as  in  other  corporations. 

A  city  never  has  been  and  never  can  be  a  fit  place  to 
live  in  which  is  started  by  chance  and  left  to  speculators 
to  extend,  and  to  ignorant,  irresponsible  politicians  to 
manage.  There  is  no  instance  where  an  area  was  ever 
laid  out  in  advance  for  the  residences  and  occupations  of 
half  a  million  of  people,  and  controlled  intelligently  from 
the  start.  Washington  comes  the  nearest  to  a  large  city 
started  with  forethought  of  any  in  the  world.  Its  broad 
avenues,  its  beautiful  circles,  and  well  distributed  public 
areas  reflect  greater  credit  upon  the  brain-force  of  George 
Washington  than  any  act  of  his  illustrious  career.  The 
best  sample  of  a  town  which  ever  started  from  the  first 
under  an  intelligent  and  central  management  is  Pullman, 
Illinois,  but  it  was  by  a  company  for  company  purposes 
only. 

Indianapolis,  Indiana,  with  its  streets  crossing  at  right 
angles  and  its  avenues  radiating  from  the  corners  of  a 
central  park,  reflect  credit  upon  its  founders ;  and  Phita 
delphia  owes  the  regularity  of  the  streets  and  the  public 
squares  of  the  old  town  to  the  advanced  studies  of  William 
Penn. 


j  x  5 

Had  either  Washington,  Indianapolis,  or  Philadelphia 
bad  the  management,  at  the  start,  which  is  displayed  at 
Pullman,  the  result  would  have  been  wondrously  grand. 
We  would  then  have  had  a  city  for  an  example  from  which 
we  could  improve.  But  such  is  not  the  case  ;  nor  is  there 
a  city  in  the  world  which  is  laid  out  and  managed  after  a 
comprehensive  and  intelligent  study  for  the  present  and 
future  requirements  of  its  people.  It  is  to  invite  the  co- 
operation of  business  and  thinking  men  and  women  to  plan, 
to  lay  out,  and  to  perfect  the  management  of  a  model  place 
for  residence  and  business,  free  from  the  confusion,  mud- 
dle, filth,  insecurity,  speculation,  and  "  boss  rule  "  of  our 
present  cities,  that  these  suggestions  are  at  this  time 
published. 

The  first  great  consideration  for  the  bringing  together 
of  a  large  body  of  persons  is  permanent  and  diversified  oc- 
cupations ;  therefore  the  locality  selected  must  be  in  the 
path  of  commerce,  with  resources  at  hand,  a  back  country 
to  draw  from,  and  a  climate  which  has  the  sun's  influences 
for  the  most  part  of  the  year.  Having  settled  upon  the 
place,  lay  out  the  walks,  streets,  diagonals,  and  avenues, 
and  be  sure  to  keep  them  sufficiently  wide  to  give  shade 
and  grass  areas  along  each  without  crowding  the  necessary 
passage-ways  for  feet  and  wheels.  Wide  streets  are  essen- 
tial not  only  for  pure  air,  sanitary  drainage,  and  necessary 
auxiliaries  to  home  and  business  life,  but  are  the  best  pre- 
caution against  conflagrations.  The  arrangement  of  the 
walks,  streets,  diagonals,  and  avenues  depends  largely  upon 
the  lay  of  the  ground,  the  climate  of  the  locality,  and  the 
general  occupations  of  those  who  are  to  live  in  the  town. 
In  northern  climates  the  blocks  are  preferred  generally 
to  run  north  and  south,  giving  east  and  west  fronts,  and 
the  reverse  is  the  case  in  southern  climates  :  the 
former  courting  the  sun,  the  latter  guarding  against  its 
rays  as  much  as  possible.  In  this  age  of  electric  motors, 


1 1 6,  SUPPLEMENT. 

tricycles,*  and  bicycles,  horses  can  be  excluded  in 
largely  settled  communities ;  at  least  this  can  be  clone  on 
all  but  the  wider  avenues.  This  reform  in  cities  svould  do 
away  with-five  sixths  of  the  dust,  mud,  and  filth  common 
to  congregated  dwelling-places.  There  is  plenty  of  room 
on  the  surface  of  our  earth  for  persons  to  live  free  from 
crowding.  It  ought  not  to  be  necessary  to  construct  rail- 
roads on  trusses  over,  or  in  tunnels  under  the  streets  : 
nor  should  it  be  necessary  to  build  houses  high  in  the  air 
and  deep  in  the  ground,  and  to  house  human  beings  like 
pigeons,  to  their  inconvenience,  loss  of  time,  and  sacrifice 
of  life.  The  house  of  the  minimum  order  permitted  within 
the  area  should  be  fire-proof  and  not  less  in  appointments 
than  the  "Waterlow  Industrial  Dwellings"  of  London. 
The  drinking  water  should  be  artesian  if  possible.  Parks 
should  be  distributed  at  regular  distances  and  in  the  pro- 
portion that  the  residences  are  extended,  and  not  in  one 
body  and  distant  from  everywhere  as  Fairmount  is  and  as 
Central  Park  was.  Why  should  not  the  avenues  for  resi- 
dences be  laid  out  so  as  to  have  shade,  grass,  and  floral 
areas,  having  all  the  features  of  a  park ;  in  fact,  be  park- 

-  *.A  tricycle  postal  delivery  system  is  to  be  tried  by  the  Postmaster- 
General  of  Victoria  at  Portland,  Sale,  and  Ararat,  with  the  view  of  ex- 
tending it,  if  it  proves  succesful,  to  other  districts  of  the  colony. 
From  a  London  Letter — 

Among  the  tricyclists  it  is  gravely  stated  that  for  two  years  past  the 
Queen  has  enjoyed  her  tricycle.  Not  as  a  rider,  I  should  imagine, 
with  her  bad  leg.  It  is  very  well  known,  however,  that  other  members 
of  the- royal  family  may  he  termed  votaries  of  the  wheel,  while  the 
members  of  the  House  of  Peers  who  have  gone  in  for  the  pursuit  are 
very  numerous.  Not  the  least  notable  are  Lord  Granville,  who 
scours  the  country  round  Walmer  Castle,  and  Lord  Sherbrooke 
(Match-tax  Lowe),  who  has  discarded  his  bicycle  in  favor  of  its  more 
secure  rival.  How  the  old  gentleman  can  ricle  [  do  not  pretend  to  say., 
ior  his  eyesight  is  so  bad  that  he  cannot  read  print  unless  with  a  micro- 
scope. Perhaps  he  prefers  an  iron  steed,  which*  costs  nothing  to  feed, 
•as  I  am  toldth*tin  his  personal  expenditure  he  is.  very  "near." 


SUPPLEMENT.  -\  j  7 

•ways  leading  into  all  sections  of  the  community  ?  The 
river  or  bay  front,  if  any,  should  be  held  as  public  areas, 
•in  trust  by  the  corporation  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  citizens, 
and,  when  necessary,  leased,  but  not  given  in  fee  simple, 
to  individuals.  Earth-closets  should  take  the  place  of  water- 
closets  and  cesspools,  and  earth-boxes  be  used  instead  of 
slop-gutters  and  sink-holes.  The  sewerage  should  be  con- 
ducted away  from  natural  channels,  basins,  and  creeks  to- 
ward the  back  country  and  into  vats,  from  where  it  can  be 
utilized  by  the  horticulturist.  Wires  for  heat,  light,  power, 
and  sound  ;  pipes  for  water  and  tubes  for  sewerage,  &c.,  &c, 
should  be  carried  in  underground  passage-ways  sufficiently 
large  to  execute  repairs,  replacements,  £c.,  without  disturb- 
ing the  surface  of  the  thoroughfares  above.  Public  buildings, 
such  as  theatres,  lecture  and  orchestra  halls,  hotels,  schools, 
and  markets ;  public  necessities,  such  as  electric  ways, 
telephones,  electric  light,  power  wires,  gas  for  heating 
purposes,  pipes  for  steam,  the  delivery  of  baggage  and 
messages  within  city  limits.*  life  and  fire  insurance,  bank- 
ing, building  association,  policing,  &c.,  should  belong  to 
and  be  managed  by  the  corporation.  Revenues  from  such 
sources,  over  and  above  a  certain  fixed  per  cent,  to  be 
spent  upon  improvements  within  the  city  limits.  Above 
all,  the  lots  for  buildings  should  be  sold  only  by  the 
corporation,  and  in  series  of  one  hundred  or  more  lots 
at  a  fixed  price — the  buyers  to  be  free  to  select  any 
unoccupied  lot,  but  to  be  compelled  to  build  a  house 
after  the  minimum  class,  or  better;  and  the  original  owners 
of  the  land  to  receive  dividends  upon  their  stock  until  the 
lots  are  sold  to  actual  builders,  who  in  turn  come  into  pos- 
session of  the  stock  of  the  corporation,  and  who  will  elect 

*  London  mail  carriers  now  call  at  private  residences  for  parcels, 
the  same  as  do  express  messengers  in  this  country.  A  scarlet  card  it 
furnished  by  the  postal  authorities,  which,  when  displayed  in  th«  win* 
dow,  insures  a  call  from  the  postman. 


X  !  8  SUPPLEMENT. 

their  board  of  directors,  in  accordance  with  by-laws  tha 
same  as  is  done  in  other  corporations. 

Such  suggestions,  simple  and  plain,  contain  within  them- 
selves philosophy  which  would  lift  a  community  out  of  the 
terrible  depths  to  which  selfish  speculators  and  gutter  pol- 
iticians sink  it,  and  would  so  harmonize  interests  that  all 
classes  of  citizens  and  "  strangers  within  their  gates " 
would  be  benefited  at  every  turn,  and  in  a  hundred  ways 
not  dreamed  of  now.  By  a  central  management,  as  sug- 
gested, there  need  never  be  gambling-dens,  grog-shops, 
and  houses  other  than  necessary  for  the  well-being  of  the 
community.  It  is  easy  to  begin  right,  but  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  correct  evils  after  they  have  taken  root. 

The  details  for  the  complete  workings  of  such  a  commu- 
nity have  been  matured,  and  may  be  inaugurated  by  "  The 
Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  "  at  their  harbor  on  the  Gulf  of 
California,  and  at  Vegaton,  thirty-five  miles  northwest 
from  Topolobampo.  The  population  can  be  made  free 
from  taxes  and  imposts  of  every  kind.  The  streets,  parks, 
public  buildings,  carriers,  and  works  should  be  extended, 
improved,  and  managed  by  the  corporation  after  the  most 
approved  plans.  Minor  heirs,  widows,  and  other  investors 
should  have  a  guaranteed  place  for  investment  in  the  25 
per  cent,  of  the  various  stocks  held  for  that  purpose  by  the 
corporation  ;  citizens — a  citizen  should  be  a  stockholder 
without  regard  to  sex  or  nationality — should  be  insured 
for  at  least  $1000,  and  for  not  more  than  $10,000 ;  invent- 
ors should  be  assisted  in  obtaining  and  be  protected  in 
their  patent  rights ;  disagreements  should  be  settled  by 
arbitration  ; — "  truth  pleads  its  own  cause  ;  falsehood  hath 
many  lawyers  " — lawyers  should  be  elected  and  salaried, 
three  or  more  from  and  for  each  ward — a  ward  should  be 
one  mile  square — and  they  would  be  the  attorneys  for  the 
lot-holders,  the  custodians  for  agreements,  wills,  codicils, 
&c.,  and  the  fees,  paid  them  in  accordance  with  public 


SUPPLEMENT.  1 1  g 

schedule,  should  be  turned  into  the  treasury  of  the  corpo- 
ration. Probably  this  may  be  a  way  to  check  irresponsible 
lawyers  from  so  befogging  the  laws,  and  so  muddling  in- 
struments of  writing  as  to  make  business  persons  slaves  to 
their  exactions.  The  surveyors  positively,  and  doctors 
probably,  should  be  elected  and  salaried  in  like  manner. 
The  discipline  would  then  be  as  it  has  been  in  camp  life. 
The  object  should  ever  be  to  protect  the  citizen  in  his  in- 
dividuality and  in  the  enjoyment  of  his  purposes,  health, 
and  property.  It  may  not  be  necessary  for  us  to  suggest  that 
in  cities,  as  now  laid  out  and  managed,  or  rather  mis- 
managed, the  citizen  has  little,  if  any,  protection  and  no 
encouragement  toward  a  useful  and  secure  life ;  is  never 
thought  of,  in  fact,  except  as  a  fit  subject  to  tax,  fleece, 
and  legally  torture.  While  life  is  a  lottery,  crime  will  run 
mad.  Bank  vaults  and  strong  police  cannot  give  safety  to 
acquired  wealth.  When  the  citizen  becomes  interdependent 
with  the  citizen,  and  the  works,  improvements,  elements, 
and  auxiliaries  of  common  weal  become  the  property  and 
the  care  of  the  corporation,  then  the  stockholders,  or 
rather  the  lot  improvers  will  be  left  free  to  carry  to  per- 
fection .their  individual  industries,  and  the  city  will  have 
influence  to  do  good  in  the  land. 

In  brief,  the  chief  aim  of  man  should  be  to  adopt  a  basis 
and  a  ways  and  means  to  live  on  this  earth's  surface  in  a 
manner  commensurate  with  his  highest  wish  for  usefulness, 
intelligence,  and  pleasure,  and  without  having  a  bond, 
mortgage  or  tax  to  hang  over  him  or  his  children.  The 
/Jundation  for  correct  purpose  and  the  safety  of  the  State 
lepend  upon  making  the  home  of  the  citizen,  beautiful, 
convenient,  and  happy.  Bring  the  city  and  the  country 
Together.  Have  grass  in  the  area  in  front,  in  the  yard 
behind,  or  in  the  court  in  the  centre  of  each  home. 
Cultivate  shade  and  fruit  trees,  and  place  flowers  every- 


x  2  0  SUPPLEMENT. 

where.  "  A  perfect  rose  will  convert  a  man  even  after 
the  minister  has  given  him  up."  The  lecture  hall  and 
orchestra  will  keep  pace  with  the  cultivation  of  flowers, 

The  Credit  Foncier,  the  loan  and  building  department 
of  the  corporation  should  build  the  house  agreed  upon 
on  the  lot  selected,  and  should  furnish  the  same,  if  neces- 
sary, for  the  settler  at  cost.  In  this  way,  from  the  start, 
homes  may  be  made  substantial  and  to  conform  to  the 
tastes  of  the  most  enlightened — may  we  say  aesthetic  ? 

The  resident  hotel,  as  suggested  by  us,  is  unique.  It  is 
peculiar  to  the  colony.  It  is  designed  to  take  the  place  of 
the  "  club  house,"  "flats"  and  the  %i  apartment  house," 
being  an  improved  and  enlarged  combination  of  all.  The 
plans  may  be  as  varied  as  a  kaleidoscope,  but  the  common 
interest  must  be  managed  jointly.  A  resident  hotel  may 
occupy  a  block,  (600x300  feet).  Each  house  in  a  resi- 
dent hotel  can  be  two  stories  high,  100  feet  front  and  100 
feet  deep,  running  from  the  street  line  and  fronting  on  .a 
central  court  400x100  feet,  planted  with  grasses,  flowers 
and  trees.  There  can  be  two  entrances  to  this  court,  and 
they  will  be  common  to  all  residences  fronting  within. 
Each  house  will  be  a  distinct  home,  showing  the  individu- 
ality of  the  owner  within  and  on  the  piazza  fronting  its  pri- 
vate entrance  ;  but  there  will  be  a  restaurant,  dining-room, 
parlor,  library,*  reading-room,  lecture  hall,  nursery,  and 

*  The  city  of  San  Francisco  appropriates  about  thirty  thousand  dol- 
lars a  year  for  the  running  expenses  of  its  free  public  library.  The 
city  of  Philadelphia  appropriates  nothing  per  annum  for  this  purpose 
because  it  has  no  free  public  library.  Philadelphia  was  founded  in 
1684,  and  has  a  population  of  about  one  million  souls.  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1847  had  450  inhabitants  ;  it  now  has  nearly  three  hundred 
thousand.  How  long  will  Philadelphia  linger  not  only  far  behind  its 
neighbors  like  Boston,  but  behind  the  "mushroom  cities  of  the  West," 
Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  San  Francisco,,  in  prpviding  for  its  citizens  a& 
adequate  free  public  library  ? 


SUPPLEMENT.  I2i 

play  area,  laundry,  bath,  and  barber-room  common  to  alit 
From  the  restaurant,  meals  may  be  served  in  the  homes  a  la 
carte  at  any  hour  and  in  the  manner  ordered  by  telephone, 
or  the  families  may  go  to  the  table  d'hote  served  at  regular 
hours  in  the  dining-room.  The  woman  will  be  relieved  from 
the  drudgery  of  kitchen  and  market ;  the  nursery  will  be  a 
safe  place  for  children  when  parents  wish  to  go  out  or 
away  ;  the  "  servant  question  "  will  be  measurably  settled, 
and  home  life  in  the  city  with  country  freshness  can  be 
guaranteed.  In  a  word,  our  resident  hotel  is  hotel  life 
on  a  grand  and  perfected  scale,  where  the  guest  becomes 
the  host,  lives  in  a  house  in  lieu  of  a  room,  owns  his  own 
fireside,  upro  rata  interest  in  that  property  which  is  com- 
mon to  his  home,  and  manages  and  polices  the  associated 
interests  of  the  block  by  a  board  of  directors  ;  the  direc- 
tors elect  their  own  chairman,  and  he  appoints  the  neces- 
sary committees.  By  this  forethought  and  integral  co- 
operation in  interest,  which  social  necessities  make  com- 
mon to  all,  living  is  reduced  to  the  minimum  cost,*  is  per- 
fected to  the  highest  possible  excellence,  and  at  the  same 
time  the  privacy  and  individuality  of  the  home  are  kept 
sacred. 

The  plan  for  the  stockholders  to  vote  is  also  new. 
(See  page  122).  There  is  no  time  lost.  The  voters  do 
not  necessarily  see  or  have  intercourse  one  with  the  other 
at  the  time  of  voting.  There  is  no  possibility  of  a  mistake, 
and  the  secrecy  of  the  ballot  is  preserved.  This  plan  for 

*  It  costs  $rooo  to  raise  a  man  from  infancy  to  the  age  of  21  years. 
At  least,  that  was  what  it  cost  to  raise  a  slave  on  cornmeal  and  bacon, 
regardless  of  such  services  as  he  could  render  before  his  majority. 

Hugh  Larkin,  the  Commissioner  of  Statistics  of  Ohio,  has  been 
investigating  the  cost  of  maintaining  the  families  of  mechanics  in  that 
state,  and  finds  that  it  is  less  than  the  cost  of  maintaining  prisoners  in 
the  county  jails— being  32.45  cents  per  capita  a  day  for  the  former* 
and  about  55  cents  per  capita  a  day  for  the  latter. 


122  SUPPLEMENT. 

balloting  can  be  used  to  advantage  by  one  hundred  persons 
or  by  one  hundred  millions. 

Details,  with  maps  of  colony  sites,  diagrams,  designs, 
etc.,  for  buildings,  plans  for  streets,  parks,  circles,  quays, 
park-ways,  etc.,  will  be  treated  of  at  length  in  a  prospectus 
by  those  interested  in  beginning  a  colony  at  Topolobampo, 
Sinaloa,  Mexico.  (See  Accompanying  Plans.) 


A  MODE   OF   PREVENTING 

FRAUD    AT    THE    BALLOT-BOX.* 

AND  OF  FACILITATING  THE    EXERCISE  OF 

THE  RIGHT  OF  SUFFRAGE. 


With  regard  to  suffrage  in  our  popular  elections,  two  circumstances 
call  for  profound  attention.  They  are  these:  First,  that  in  certain 
localities  ballot-box  stuffing  and  repeating  carry  elections  against  law- 
ful votes;  second,  that  women  may  soon  be  suffragans.  The  first 
should  be  checked,  the  latter  should  be  made  comfortable. 

To  effect  both  these  objects,  the  following  system  of  voting  is  pro- 
posed : 

There  shall  be  a  faithful  registration  of  votes. 

The  name  of  each  registered  voter  shall  bear  a  distinct  number  on 
the  registration  list,  which  shall  be  numbered  from  one  upwards  con- 
secutively, and  a  registration  shall  be  made  in  each  registration  dis- 
trict established  by  law. 

Each  registration  district  shall  be  an  election  district,  and  in  each 
there  shall  be  prepared  a  book  similar  to  a  bank  check  book,  like 
what  appears  below : 

*  Under  the  system  proposed  for  balloting  it  will  net  be  ai  y  more  difficult  or  u> 
Convenient  to  vote  than  it  is  to  write  a  postal  card. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


fc 

O 


h  * 


3 

w 


-  Governor: 


For  State  Senate: 


For  State  General  Assembly; 


For  Congress: 


IL.  s.] 

JOHN  GUMMING, 

Candidate  (or  Agent)* 

THOMAS  WILLING, 

Candidate  (or  Agent). 


JOHN  SCRIVENER, 
Notary  Public. 


124 


SUPPLEMENT. 


The  left-hand  portion  of  the  plate  is  the  stub  which  remains  in 
the  book  ;  the  right-hand  portion  is  the  ticket,  to  be  separated  from 
the  stub  and  delivered  to  the  voter.  The  stub  remains  in  the  custody 
of  the  officers  of  registration,  and  shows  how  many  lawful  tickets 
have  been  issued.  Instead  of  being  separated  by  a  vertical  cut;  the 
ticket  may  be  separated  by  an  irregular  line  from  the  stub,  which 
might  in  some  cases  afford  additional  security 

This  ticket-book  is  to  be  made  up  at  the  close  of  the  registration. 
Each  stub  and  annexed  ticket  is  to  bear  the  same  number,  and  these 
are  to  correspond  with  the  numbers  on  the  registration  list,  from  one 
consecutively  upwards  to  the  highest  number  on  the  registration  list, 
and  no  further. 

Each  ticket  is  to  be  signed  and  stamped  or  sealed  by  a  public  offi- 
cer, previously  designated  by  law  for  that  purpose,  and  in  presence  of 
the  candidates,  if  they  wish  to  be  present,  or  of  persons  appointed  by 
them  ;  and  each  ticket  shall  also  be  signed  by  the  candidates,  or  a 
person  selected  by  the  supporters  of  the  candidates  on  either  side. 
Instead  of  this,  the  ticket  might  be  signed  by  some  public  officer,  not 
himself  a  candidate,  but  previously  designated  by  law  for  the  purpose; 
and  as-the  object  of  these  provisions  is  merely  to  authenticate  beyond 
a  doubt  the  legality  of  the  ticket,  any  other  scheme  adequate  to  effect 
that  end  may  be  adopted.' 

As  to  the  names  of  candidates  to  be  voted  for,  the  tickets  are  to  be 
blank  ;  the  names  only  of  the  offices  to  be  filled  are  to  be  found  on 
the  ticket  when  delivered  to  the  voter. 

Each  ticket,  after  having  been  in  this  manner  numbered,  stamped, 
and  verified,  is  to  be  placed  in  a  letter  envelope  and  sealed  up,  and 
then  all  these  envelopes,  containing  each  a  ticket,  are  to  be  thorough- 
ly intermingled  and  shuffled  up  together,  in  order  that  the  number 
which  will  be  placed  on  the  list  of  voters  made  up  at  the  time  the ' 
votes  are  counted  at  the  close  of  the  election  may  not  correspond  with 
the  number  of  votes  on  the  registration  list,  to  the  end  that  the  secrecy 
of  the  ballot  may  remain  inviolate. 

After  having  been  thus  thoroughly  shuffled  together,  each  envelope 
containing  a  ticket  is  to  be  addressed  to  a  name  on  the  registration 
li^t  until  all  are  thus  addressed  ;  and  the  registration  lists  and  the 
addressed  envelopes,  therefore,  correspond  exactly.  Each  envelope 
is  then  delivered  to  the  voter  personally  whose  name  it  bears. 

Each  voter  puts  on  his  ballot  the  names  of  the  candidates  he  may 
prefer,  and  he  can  vote  with  no  other  ballot  than  that. 

At  each  election  there  may  be  as  many  places  for  voting,  and  the 
polls  may  be  kept  open  so'long  as  convenience  may  require. 


SUPPLEMENT.  12j 

Polling  the  votes  consists  merely  in  the  act  of  each  voter  slipping  a 
ballot  into  a  convenient  box,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  iron  street 
post-office  boxes,  of  which  the  election  commissioners  keep  the  keys. 
There  is  no  challenging  or  questioning  of  the  voter,  and  the  operation 
is  to  be  performed  with  no  more  trouble  or  unpleasant  contact  than 
is  met  with  in  putting  a  letter  in  the  post-office. 

At  the  time  fixed  by  law,  the  ballot-boxes  are  opened,  and  the  bal. 
Jots  counted  by  the  proper  officer,  and  publicly  declared. 

Any  paper  or  ballot  found  in  the  box  not  numbered,  stamped  and 
verified,  as  above  stated,  is  thrown  out  by  the  officers  whose  duty  it 
is  to  count  the  ballots. 

In  this  system  "ballot-box  stuffing"  and  "repeating"  cannot  be 
practiced  ;  it  would  save  time,  trouble,  and  much  of  the  annoyance 
now  experienced,  and  so  likely  to  prove  very  disagreeable  to  women 
should  the  present  mode  of  voting  be  persisted  in. 

The  essential  idea  of  the  plan  originated  with  Dr.  A.  de  Bonnard, 
of  Paris. 

T.   J.   DURANT. 

Washington,  D.  C.,  fjt/i  February,  1872. 


HAMMONTON  N.  J.,  April  28,  1885. 

DR.  W.  C.  CROOKS,  PHILADELPHIA. 
My  Dear  Sir : 

To  successfully  organize  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa, 
is  to  my  mind  one  of  the  most  important  steps  in  advance 
that  this  people,  or  any  people,  can  make  toward  their  in- 
dependence from  their  universal  slavery  to  the  money 
power.  It  will  be  the  realization  of  the  modern  theoretical 
discovery  that  all  wealth  is  the  creation  of  labor.  All  over 
the  country,  people  who  would  gladly  go  to  Sinaloa  nre 
tied  where  they  are,  by  the  fact  that  they  cannot  dispose 
of  their  farms  and  houses  except  at  a  disastrous  loss.  Now 
the  very  conception  of  the  Credit  Foncier  is  to  remove  this 
difficulty,  and  remove  it  so  effectually  that  it  shall  not 
stand  in  the  way  any  more.  How  would  this  do  ?  Let 
the  Credit  Foncier  stand  ready  to  buy  any  such  property, 
paying  for  it  in  its  own  credits,  which  it  agrees  to  receive 
at  par  in  payment  for  the  transportation  it  offers  and  the 


126  SUPPLEMENT. 

property  it  holds  in  Sinaloa.  Thus  any  intending  colonist 
would  practically  exchange  the  property  he  now  lives  on 
for  such  property  in  Sinaloa  as  he  wants.  The  Credit 
Foncier  should  aim  not  to  take  the  property  of  the  colonist 
at  a  sacrifice  to  the  seller,  but  at  a  fair  valuation  ;  and 
thus,  as  it  would  doubtless  have  a  larger  and  more  scat- 
tered amount  of  property  to  dispose  of,  than  any  one  of 
those  from  whom  they  obtained  it  had,  the  Credit  Foncier 
could  better  afford  to  take  effectual  measures  to  sell  it  to 
the  public  than  any  individual  could.  Then,  too,  the 
Credit  Foncier  would  assure  itself  of  plenty  of  business  in 
preparing  the  houses  in  Sinaloa  demanded  by  the  colonists, 
to  guarantee  occupation  to  the  competent. 

A  man's  skill,  and  his  reputation  for  reliability  that  he 
will  exercise  it,  should  be  as  good  a  claim,  and  as  good 
an  endorsement  for  credit  as  there  is.  For  my  own  part 
I  am  ready  to  sell  this  place  to  the  Credit  Foncier,  and 
take  my  pay  for  it  in  their  agreement  to  furnish  my  trans- 
portation to  the  colony  and  such  a  residence  as  I  want 
when  there.  It  is  their  skill  in  the  manual  arts,  and  the 
endorsement  of  their  friends  that  they  will  exercise  that 
skill  which  forms  the  basis  of  credit  for  the  people's  bank 
in  Germany,  who  now  do  business  of  many  millions  for  ex- 
penditure in  material  upon  which  they  can  exercise  their 
skill.  Can  we  not  make  a  start  in  the  same  direction  ? 
The  signs  are  that  we  will,  and  if  we  are  competent  and 
faithful  to  our  professions  we  shall  meet  with  a  measure 
of  success  that  will  surprise  us.  Excuse  me  for  bothering 
you  with  this,  but  I  am  so  isolated  here  that  for  my  own 
consolation  I^must  express  myself  to  somebody  who  can 
understand  me. 

Yours  very  truly, 

EBWARD  HOWLAND. 


CHESTER,  PA.,  May  2,  1885. 

DR.  WM.  C.  CROOKS. 
Dear  Friend: 

The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  is  a  deposit,  loan,  build- 
ing, improving  and  operating  company  in  its  broadest 
sense.  The  corporation  buys,  holds,  insures,  works,  im- 
proves, leases  and  sells  real  estate  and  personal  property. 
It  is  a  "  Savings  Fund  "  where  labor  in  all  its  forms  is  re- 
ceived and  accredited  at  all  times  from  its  stock  holders  , 
it  is  a  "  Clearing  House  "  where  all  classes  of  services  are 
exchanged  and  settled  for,  with  the  least  possible  friction  ; 
and  it  centralizes,  under  one  management,  the  uses  of  the 
Pawn  Shop,  the  Bank,  the  Deposit  Vault,  the  Real  Estate 
Broker,  the  Trust  Company,  the  Title  Guarantee  Syndi- 
cate, the  Building  Association,  and  the  Contracting,  Con- 
structing and  Operating;  Corporations.  But  this  is  not 
half.  The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  is  the  Store  House 
and  Supply  Depot  for  Pacific  Colony  and  all  its  branch 
settlements.  It  insures  its  members  against  loss  by  storm 
flood  and  fire,  gives  aid  in  case  of  accident,  eases  old  age, 
provides  for  the  unprotected,  educates  and  entertains  the 
young,  honors  marriage,  delights  in  birth,  encourages  the 
industrious,  provides  occupations,  beautifies  the  home  and 
makes  it  sacred,  keeps  the  air  wholesome,  inspects  the  pro- 
visions, deals  out  medicines,  recommends  articles  of  cloth- 
ing and  utility,  guarantees  the  broadest  liberty  of  action 
and  thought ;  and  when  life  is  ended  and  the  character  has 
withdrawn  from  the  stage,  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa 
lowers  the  curtain,  surrounds  the  occasion  with  quiet 
dignity  and  preserves  the  best  acts  of  the  dead  for  an  ex- 
ample to  the  living.  What  more  could  a  kind,  devoted, 
intelligent  father  do  for  his  family?  The  Credit  Foncier 
of  Sinaloa  will  be  incorporated  with  powers  to  centralize 
the  control,  management  and  responsibility  of  a  com- 
munity into  one  legal  person  (the  corporation)  and  like  4 


,28  SUPPLEMENT. 

good  father,  as  it  in  reality  is,  it  will  have  its  sympathies 
attracted  to  those  children  least  able  to  care  for  themselves, 
and  it  expects  counsel  and  unified  action  from  the  boys 
and  girls — from  its  citizens,  women  and  men,  who  are 
physically,  intellectually  and  morally  vigorous.  From 
birth  to  the  crematory  the  child  will  have  a  father's 
watchful  solicitude — a  solicitude  which  never  sleeps  nor 
wanes ;  but  grows  stronger  with  time  and  dies  only  when 
eternity  is  reached. 

In  handling  the  real  estate  and  personal  property  de- 
posited by  members,  I  would  suggest  to  the  Directors  that 
they  take  an  example  given  by  the  "  Monte  de  Pieclad  "  of 
Mexico  city — the  greatest  pawn  shop  in  the  world ;  /.  e. 
that  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  pay  one  third  of  the 
valuation  in  cash,  and  after  sale  pay  balance,  less  the  ex. 
pense  of  the  negotiation,  to  the  members,  who  deposited 
the  same  ;  the  depositor  having  the  right  within  a  time 
agreed,  to  take  out  the  deposit  by  paying  back  the  amount 
borrowed  plus  a  fixed  fee  for  storage  and  handlage. 

The  Monte  de  Piedad  is  a  depository  for  every  article 
known  to  civilization  from  a  breastpin  worth  $60,000  to  an 
image  of  a  saint  sold  for  kindling-wood.  It  did  issue  its 
own  notes  based  upon  its  deposits  and  had  branch  banks 
of  deposit  and  issue  in  the  larger  cities  of  Mexico,  but 
was  recently  compelled  to  stop  this  function  of  its  useful- 
ness, to  give  a  monopoly  to  the  National  banks  chartered 
by  the  Government. 

Respectfully,         ALBERT  K.  OWEN. 

NEW  YORK,  April  3oth,  1885. 

MRS.  MARIE  HOWLAND,  Casa  Tonti,  Hamilton,  N.  J. 

Dear  Mrs.  Rowland — The  lands  in  Mexico  are  owned 
and  disposed  of  just  as  they  are  in  the  United  States. 
The  Government  and  the  states  hold  public  domain  sub- 


SUPPLEMENT.  12g 

ject  to  sale  and  colonization  ;  and  the  Indian  tribes,  the 
Yaqui  and  Mayo  of  Sonora  and  others  less  spoken  of,  own 
their  lands  in  common  and  do  not  sell  to  any  one  or  per- 
mit strangers  to  live  with  them.  The  Pueblo  Indians  of 
New  Mexico  and  the  Yuma  Indians  of  Arizona  hold  their 
lands  and  have  much  the  same  customs  as  the  Yaqui  and 
Mayo  Indians  of  Sonora. 

Mines  are  held  subject  to  the  old  Spanish  system — the 
best  in  the  world.  They  have  to  be  worked  to  be  held.  Our 
mines,  as  you  know,  can  be  held  in  fee  simple  and  not 
worked ;  /.  <?.,  a  speculator  can  hold  a  mine  here  and  not 
work  it  himself  and  can  prevent  any  one  else  from  work- 
ing it.  In  Mexico  he  can't.  He  has  to  work  it  himself  or 
step  down  and  out.  I  wish  the  lands  were  held  under  the 
same  restrictions. 

The  peon  system  has  been  abolished  by  law  just  as  our 
slavery  system  has  been ;  but  both  in  Mexico  and  the 
United  States  the  law  is  one  thing  and  the  practice  quite 
another.  There  are  gangs  of  chained  negroes  driven  to 
work,  to-day,  in  the  pine  lands  of  North  Carolina.*  There 
are  peons  in  Mexico.  A  peon  is  a  man  or  woman  who 
borrows  money  and  pledges  his  or  her  word  that  he  or 
she  will  work  it  out  at  a  certain  rate  of  wage.  Children 
cannot  be  born  peons.  A  slave  can  be  born.  A  peon 
must  impose  a  debt  upon  himself.  A  child  born  in  the 
United  States  is  made  a  wage  slave  as  soon  as  it  can  work 
and  is  driven  to  pay  the  interest  on  bonds  forced  upon  it 
by  its  ancestor's  recklessness.  The  creditor  of  the  peon 
is  careful  to  see  that  he  or  she  is  kept  in  food,  shelter  and 

*  RICHMOND.  Ky.,  May  5th,  1885.  "  An  immense  crowd  gathered 
in  front  of  the  Court  House  yesterday  to  witness  a  public  sale  of  ne- 
groes. They  were  sold  into  slavery  to  the  highest  and  best  bidder. 
One  man  brought  $38  for  twelve  months  service,  one  $14  for  three 
months  and  a  woman  twenty-five  cents  for  twelve  months.  The  salei 
were  made  under  the  vagrant  laws  of  the  state. 


J30  SUPPLEMENT. 

strength.  Chattel  slavery  enforced  responsibility  upon 
the -master  through  self  interest;  but,  who  is  responsible  or 
\vho  cares  for  the  wage  slave  of  any  country  ?  Who  is  respon- 
sible for  the  education  of  our  children  ?  Who  is  responsible 
for  the  health  and  virtue  of  that  young  girl  left  alone  and 
without  a  bank  account,  and  if  she  has  a  bank  account 
who  will  protect  her  from  the  lawyers  who  are  organized 
to  plunder  every  one,  and  from  the  bank  cashier  who 
steals  deposits,  from  force  of  contact,  with  thieves  ?  What 
becomes  of  the  widow,  orphan  and  minor?  Who  is  made 
responsible  for  these  persons  in  their  inexperience  and 
helplessness  ?  Who  will  have  a  care  for  that  grand,  good, 
industrious  man  over-worked  and  overtaken  by  age  ?  Who 
will  take  charge  of  that  woman  maimed  by  this  machinery? 
Where  is  the  responsibility  in  this  Government  of  ours  for 
anything,  for  any  person  at  any  time,  or  in  any  place  ?  Is 
it  not  time  this  sentiment  of  freedom  and  liberty  guaran- 
teed by  the  constitution  should  stop  ?  Is  it  not  time  that 
the  people  of  this  country  should  be  protected  from  rob- 
bery by  their  lawyers ;  from  the  plunder,  piracy  and  en- 
slavement by  the  specially-chartered  vandalisms  of  our 
century  ?  Is  it  not  time  that  there  should  be  a  community 
of  interests  in  things  common  to  our  civilization,  and  es- 
sential to  our  existence,  and  an  intelligent,  authorized  and 
forcible  responsibility  in  everything,  at  all  times,  in  every 
place,  for  every  person  ?  How  much  longer  are  we  to  see, 
a  man  with  both  legs  cut  off,  one  hand  gone  and  the  other 
paralyzed,  one  eye  out  and  the  other  useless,  no  teeth  in 
one  side  of  his  jaw  and  an  artificial  bone  in  the  other 
made  to  start  with  "  Equal  rights  before  the  law  "  in  the 
struggle  for  existence,  against  giants  entrenched  by  legal 
enactments,  behind  vested  rights  and  guaranteed  privi- 
leges ?  "  Overdrawn  statements,"  you  may  say,  and  I  em- 
phasize, No!!  rather  partial  the  other  way.  There  are 
thousands  of  cases  in  this  city,  to-night,  of  women,  children, 


SUPPLEMENT.  I3, 

and  men  who  are  as  helpless  to  do  anything  good,  bad  or 
indifferent,  as  if  they  were  in  the  midst  of  a  tidal  wave. 
Who  are  responsible  to  them  ?  Who  is  responsible  to  so- 
ciety, to  humanity,  to  civilization  that  such  distress  exists? 
The  answer  comes  back  with  a  thud  :  "  No  person  !  No 
nothing  !  !  " 

Mexico  is  neither  better  nor  worse  than  the  other  sec- 
tions of  this  same  continent.  The  constitution  of  Mexico 
was  framed  a  quarter  of  a  century  after,  was  modeled  from, 
and  is  conceded  to  be  an  improvement  upon  ours.  The 
further  we  get  away  from  the  influences,  from  the  consti- 
tuted powers  of  both  governments  and  their  peoples,  the 
better  will  decently-inclined  colonists  prosper.  Topolo- 
bampo,  thank  God  !  has  not  yet  been  stained  by  "  Man's 
inhumanity  to  man,"  and  it  offers  an  exceptional  basis 
owing  to  its  geographical  position,  for  the  basis  of  a  new 
civilization.  A  thousand  determined  men  and  women 
would  not  be  interfered  with  by  any  powers  controled  by 
politicians,  San  Marino  in  Italy,  and  Andorra  in  Spain, 
have  kept  their  faith  with  their  citizens  in  the  midst  of  the 
broils  of  Europe  in  times  when  Kingdoms  and  Empires 
and  Republics  have  rushed  to  wars  and  have  gone  down 
in  the  strife  and  perished.  Salt  Lake  City  kept  out  of  our 
civil  struggle  because  removed  from  our  midst  and  because 
they  had  no  slaves  to  lose,  and  had  no  wish  for  a  Negro's 
vote.  Pacific  Colony  will  stand  upon  its  own  bottom  also. 
We  go  forth  as  Missionaries  to  reform  ourselves.  After 
that  we  may  have  an  influence  upon  people  living  outside 
of  our  control,  in  our  example,  not  by  our  "precepts,  texts 
and  golden  rules."  Success  now  is  measured  by  the  com- 
forts, easements,  luxuries  which  surround  the  person  and 
system.  The  intelligent  mind  longs  for  the  beautiful,  the 
progressive,  the  luxurious ;  and  by  integral  Co-operation 
upon  the  lands  proposed,  in  that  climate  and  under  vigorous 
management,  five  years  will  see  us  a  wealthy  and  ten  years 


J32  SUPPLEMENT. 

a  luxurious  community.  Pacific  Colony  is  to  be  run  upoi. 
business  principles  the  same  as  other  Corporations,  but 
for  the  good  of  all,  with  guaranteed  responsibility  for  every 
stockholder  and  for  the  comfort  of  the  stranger  within  our 
gates. 

The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  is  the  "  Messiah  "  which 
comes  to  lift  us  out  of  our  present  chaos  of  irresponsibility, 
misery  and  crime  up  to  a  foundation  of  responsibility 
and  into  a  community  where  the  home  becomes  the  pal- 
ladium of  our  existence  and  where  the  faintest  call  from 
the  most  humble  member  or  visitor,  from  the  weakest 
woman  or  the  feeblest  babe,  will  be  heard  by  lightning 
flash  and  will  be  attended  to  with  the  promptness,  the 
competency  and  the  tenderness  of  a  paternal  government 
made  perfect. — And  may  Almighty  causes  hasten  the 
unity  of  our  action  to  these  ends. 

ALBERT  K.  OWEN. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


BRIEF  EXPLANATIONS  OF  THE  WORKINGS  OP 
THE  CREDIT  FONCIER  OF  SINALOA. 

BY  A.  K.  OWEN,  PUBLISHED  IN  "  THE  MINER  AND  ME- 
CHANIC," NEOSHO,  Mo. 


No.  i.  Why  should  the  individuality  of  the  stockholders 
be  lost  in  our  Company  more  so  than  in  a  railroad,  gas, 
or  water  corporation  or  building  association  ?  The 
Credit  Foncier  is  simply  incorporated  to  possess,  con- 
struct and  manage  utilities  and  necessities  common  to  a 
community.  In  fact,  it  is  nothing  more  than  a  town  im- 
provement company  in  which  every  citizen  is  a  stock- 
holder and  the  town  councilmen  become  Directors,  or 
Trustees,  /.  e.,  we  manage  our  town  in  a  business  way  and 
leave  "  politics  "  out  of  city  affairs.  There  can  be  no 
privileged  classes,  "  bosses,  rings,  or  civil  service  reform- 
ers "  with  us.  We  contend  that  if  it  is  right  for  a  few 
citizens  to  be  incorporated  a  company  and  to  obtain  special 
privileges  to  furnish  and  monopolize  one  particular  public 
town  convenience,  that  it  is  progressive  for  all  the  citizens 
to  be  incorporated  into  one  company  to  furnish  all  public 
town  improvements,  utilities  and  necessities.  Special 
laws  enjoyed  by  select  persons  will  always  form  distinct 
classes  ;  and  this  is  not  American.  It  is  contrary  to  the 
letter  and  to  the  spirit  of  the  constitutions  of  the  United 
States  and  of  Mexico.  It  is  in  direct  violation  of  the 
principles  of  our  Declaration  of  Rights  and  of  the  best 
expressions  of  the  founders  of  our  sister  Republic.  \Ve 
believe  with  George  Fox,  that  "  if  one  man  is  born  with  a 
right  every  other  man  is  born  with  the  same  right."  There 


134  SUPPLEMENT. 

can  be  no  individuality,  security  and  health  long  enjoyed 
where  the  citizen  is  forced  to  compete  against  organized  " 
classes  fostered  by  partial  laws.  The  person  who  has  not 
raised  himself  to  this  plane  of  thought  need  only  wait  a 
few  years  longer  in  our  modern  cities  to  get  sufficient  proof 
of  the  fact.  The  contest  for  office,  and  for  a  hand  in  the 
public  treasury,  filled  by  direct  taxation,  controls  the  pub- 
lic mind  and  every  important  affair  in  life  is  neglected. 
Every  river  is  becoming  an  open  sewer,*  every  lake  a  cess- 
pool, every  community  a  generator  of  foul  gases ;  and 
pestilential  contagions  and  zymotic  or  filth  diseases  are 
already  making  sad  havoc  among  the  peoples  of  both 
nations. 

Again,  do  not  think  for  a  moment  that  "  The  Credit 
Foncier  of  Sinaloa  "  is  incorporated  to  do  too  much. 
There  are  several  trunk  lines  of  Railroad  within  the  United 
States  which  own  more  and  a  greater  variety  of  properties 
than  we  are  likely  to  own  for  many  years,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  they  do  almost  everything  known  to  our  civilization. 
They  own  and  manage  vast  estates ;  mortgage,  bond,  hy- 
pothecate, sell,  improve,  lease,  rent  and  exchange  proper- 
ties ;  build  and  manage  river-boats  and  ocean  steamships ; 
construct  and  operate  telegraph  and  telephone  lines ; 
make  locomotives  and  cars ;  complete  bridges,  wharves  and 
docks  ;  put  up  and  furnish  houses,  run  hotels  and  restau- 
rants ;  publish  papers  and  magazines  ;  dig  and  bore  wells 
and  convey  water  in  pipes,  ditches  and  canals  ;  cultivate 
and  settle  lands ;  lay  out  and  control  towns ;  mine  coal 
and  quarry  and  dress  stone,  manufacture  steel  and  iron 
in  most  every  form;  erect  and  work  smelters;  saw  and 
fashion  lumber  ;  employ  tens  of  thousands  of  accountants, 
professionals  and  laborers,  men,  women  and  children; 

*  Wordsworth's  rippling  river  of  poetry,  the  Wye,  has  been  so  pol- 
luted that  it  threatens  death  by  poison  to  those  who  dwell  upon  its 
banks. 


SUPPLEMENT.  ,  3  - 

establish  hospitals  ;  enforce  their  by-laws  and  rulings  upon 
svery  man,  woman  and  child,  dog,  horse,  cow,  etc.,  who  or 
which  travels,  eats  and  sleeps  upon  their  properties- 
movable  or  stationary;  issue  their  own  paper  obligations 
— which  pass  current  among  themselves  and  their  em- 
ployees and  do  a  thousand  other  things  which  I  need  not 
name  now 

In  regard  to  issuing  their  paper  obligations,  let  me  remind 
you  that  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  has  been 
compelled  several  times  within  the  past  ten  years,  to  pay 
its  employees  partly  in  paper  "  due  bills."  The  Reading 
Railroad  issued  a  paper  script  bearing  interest  so  as  to 
avoid  technically  the  legal  restrictions,  and  simply  received 
the  same  for  freight  and  passenger  fares  over  its  lines. 
These  were  eagerly  sought  by  the  merchants  living  along 
their  route  and  became  such  a  source  of  convenience  that 
the  National  Banks  united  to  crush  the  system  ;  and,  as 
the  railroad  company  was  managed  by  a  lawyer,  they  suc- 
ceeded in  doing  it  and  in  literally  bankrupting  the  railroad 
company.  But  in  Georgia  the  railroad  tickets  of  the 
State  pass  for  their  face  value  anywhere,  and  freely  by 
the  common  consent  of  the  people,  and  Georgia  is  the 
leading  State  South.  In  Galveston,  Texas,  the  citizens 
use  the  celluloid-five-cent-tickets  of  the  street  railways  for 
change ;  and  in  St.  Louis  the  hotels  and  theatres,  several 
years  ago  published  that  they  would  accept  the  street  car 
tickets,  at  par,  and  they  have  since  performed  an  important 
part  in  the  exchanges  of  that  city.  Use  gives  value  to  cur' 
rency.  Money  must  be  currency,  but  currency  need  not 
necessarily  be  money.  Since  the  Robber-Congress,  under 
the  leadership  of  that  arch-traitor,  McCullough,  burned 
the  fractional  paper  currency ,  ($48,000,000)  the  people  of 
the  United  States  have  had  to  send  postage  stamp 
letter,  in  payments  of  sums  less  than  one  dollar.  They  aie 
acceptable,  owing  to  their  uses.  Not  by  law,  but  by  copv 


136  SUPPLEMENT. 

mon  consent.  No  law  can  prevent  persons,  two  or  more, 
from  receiving  anything  agreed  by  themselves  in  exchange 
for  their  own  services.  Do  not  forget  this  fact  :  the  law 
says  what  shall  be  received  in  payment  where  no  contract  is 
made.  Law  has  never  yet  gone  so  far  as  to  say  what  per- 
sons shall  or  shall  not  receive  in  their  private  contracts 
and  exchanges.  There  are  hundreds  of  mining  companies 
in  Mexico  which  pay  their  employees  in  " paper  script" 
and  redeem  the  script  with  goods  and  groceries  at  their 
stores.  This  is  also  done  by  storekeepers  and  mining 
companies  in  parts  of  the  United  States. 

No.  2.  The  15,000  lots  and  the  15,000  acres  of  land  are 
bought  by  "The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa"  for  $45,000 
and  the  title  remains  absolutely  in  the  possession  of  the 
Credit  Foncier.  Under  no  excuse  whatever  can  a  bond, 
mortgage,  tax  or  lien  be  entered  against  said  lots  and 
lands.  Now  bear  in  mind  that  the  stockholders  are  the 
Credit  Foncier.  The  colonist  buys  the  lot-interests  or 
rather  leases  the  right  to  occupy  a  lot  or  lots  forever  under 
the  reservations  which  the  by-laws  will  set  forth ;  /.  e.  that 
he  or  she  will  live  as  a  civilized  person  should.  Nothing 
more  is  asked.  This  will  be  enforced.  The  atmosphere 
is  more  important  to  health  and  happiness  than  the  right 
to  occupy  land.  To  mar  its  purity,  is  to  undermine  our 
physical  constitutions.  Our  first  care  is  to  see  that  no 
person  under  any  excuse  whatever,  poisons  it.  Even  if  it 
were  possible  for  a  colonist  to  live  in  his  own  pollutions 
he  could  not  be  allowed  to  do  so,  for  his  health  is  the 
solicitude  of  the  Credit  Foncier,  as  the  corporation  takes 
the  risk  to  insure  his  life,  and  the  atmosphere  which  he 
makes  cannot  possibly  be  retained  within  his  jurisdiction, 
but  goes  into  his  neighbor's  yard,  house  and  lungs.  If  a 
person  wants  "  natural  rights"  he  should  be  a  barbarian 
and  live  alone.  We  are  opposed  to  "  natural  rights." 
Facts  tell  us  that  when  men  and  women  congregate  they 


SUPPLEMENT.  !37 

give  up  **  natural  rights "  and  agree  to  conform  to  pre- 
scribed rules.  Each  person  concedes  to  the  other  and 
these  concessions  come  into  use  as  " courtesies. "  The 
more  concessions  made,  one  to  the  other,  the  more  pro- 
gressive, the  more  refined  becomes  the  civilization  of  those 
who  concede.  A  natural  apple  is  a  crab  apple,  a  natural 
rose  is  good  for  nothing,  and  a  natural  man  is  a  savage — 
a  disgusting  creature  in  every  way  and  in  every  place.  A 
dog  exercises  his  "  natural  rights  "  and  every  five  minutes 
pollutes  some  doorstep  or  tree,  and  a  horse  has  his  "  natural 
rights,"  and  lets  his  excrements  fall  at  all  times  and  in  any 
place ;  and  as  we  cannot  regulate  such  "  natural  rights  " 
by  persuasion,  education  or  statute,  we  must  exclude  all 
such  creatures  from  our  midst  or  be  no  better  than  other 
communities.  Hence,  our  colonists  must  pool  their 
"  natural  rights "  and  make  a  united  effort,  not  to  work 
for  the  benefit  of  the  greatest  number  but  for  the  advance- 
ment and  happiness  of  every  one  for  whom  and  to  whom 
each  one  becomes  responsible.  Majorities  have  never 
been  right  in  anything.  The  best  thoughts  and  kindest 
purposes  remain  still  with  minorities, — with  those  who 
think.  Every  one  will  know  the  by-laws  before  he  or  she 
becomes  a  colonist.  The  spirit  will  move  those  who  are 
capable  of  the  new  civilization.  Others  are  not  wanted 
at  the  beginning.  After  we  get  well  started  we  can  open 
our  homesteads,  occupations  and  privileges  as  wide  as 
humanity  itself.  If  our  foundations  are  correct  in  prin- 
ciple they  will  be  sustained,  and  every  person  added  to  our 
settlements  will  be  a  benefit  to  us  and  to  him.  or  to  her. 

A  colonist  must  be  a  stockholder,  but  a  stockholder  does 
not,  during  the  early  workings  of  the  settlement,  nee: 
rily  have  to  be  a  colonist.  The  colonist  can  occupy  one 
lot  (25  x  150)  or  48  lots  25  x  150  x  48=600  x  300  feet=4.i3 
acres=one  block.  We  think  that  most  colonists  will  build 
on  four  lots  (loox  150  feet)  but,  if  there  is  a  persou  of 


,38  SUPPLEMENT. 

means  who  desires  to  build  a  beautiful  house  in  the  middle 
of  a  block  [4.13  acres]  and  surround  his  home  with  lawn, 
trees  and  flowers,  etc.,  we  encourage  the  wish.  At  the 
death  of  the  colonist  the  right  to  the  lot  or  lots  pass  to  the 
heirs  just  as  they  do  in  the  United  States ;  with  this  ex- 
ception, that  from  the  wise  forethought  of  keeping  the 
title  in  trust,  by  the  corporation,  the  lot  or  lots  are  sure 
not  to  have  any  liens,  mortgages  of  other  claims  to  off-set 
their  advantages.  We  transfer  the  responsibility  of  our 
title  and  public  trusts  to  the  care  of  the  Credit  Fon. 
tier,*  .and  we  will  be  at  liberty  to  work  out  an  individu- 
ality unknown  to  modern  life,  which  is  weighed  down  pre- 
maturely with  irregularities  for  which  there  is  no  way 
to  foresee,  with  responsibilities  always  uncertain  and 
vexatious  and  which,  under  the  most  favorable  circum- 

*  About  the  time  of  the  Pittsburg  riots,  I  wrote  and  distributed 
thousands  of  pamphlets  on  labor,  in  which  I  claimed  that  lands  could 
not,  in  justice  to  posterity,  be  made  private  property, 

Ten  years  of  careful  consideration  on  the  subject  has  confirmed  me 
in  the  opinion  that  all  the  lands  of  the  world  belong  to  all  the  people 
of  the  world,  as  a  common  heritage  to  all  posterity,  for  use  in  pro 
rata  portions,  inalienable,  and  indefeasable,  forever. 

Justice  to  the  inherent  rights  of  man,  makes,  the  gift,  sale,  and  pur- 
chase of  land  an  impossibility.  From  the  eternal  principles  of  rightf 
and  the  immutable  laws  of  our  being,  property  in  land  can  not  be. 

All  the  so-called  titles  to  land  have  been  entailed  from  usurpation 
and  violence.  Governments  should  parcel  out,  and  lease  their  lands, 
for  use.,  as  we  did  the  mining  lands  of  California. 

Inasmuch  as  everything  having  exchangeable  value,  yea  all  the 
wealth  of  the  world,  is  the  production  of  labor,  the  children  of  labor 
should  not  shiver  with  cold  nor  beg  for  bread.  Nor,  indeed  «m/they, 
were  the  lands  of  the  world  public  domain,  instead  of  private  property. 

ONE  OF  THE  PEOPLE. 
Or,  if  you  prefer,  ISRAEL  HALL. 
ANN  ARBOR,  Mich.,  Nov.  1884. 

P.  S.  Something  must  be  done  to  make  homes  possible  and  inaL 
tenable  to  the  poorest  of  posterity,  else  the  boys,  whose  fathers  wore 
7 \  inch  bats,  will  soon  own  all'the^  lands,  -and  have 'the  rest  of  us  their 


SUPPLEMENT.  I39 

stances,  undermine  the  health  and  perplex  the  reason. 
The  colonist  cannot  borrow  money  from  persons,  legal 
or  private,  other  than  the  Credit  Foncier,  nor  can  he  sell 
or  transfer  his  stock  (without  the  consent  of  the  Credit 
Foncier)  or  sell  or  rent  his  lot-interest  or  house  to  other, 
than  to  the  said  Credit  Foncier  ;  hence,  lot,  house  and  stock 
speculations  and  rents  will  be  unknown  to  our  "  Bourse" 
This  does  not  prevent  the  colonists  from  engaging  in 
business  outside  of  the  colony  settlements,  provided  he 
does  not  embarrass  his  Credit  Foncier  obligations  or  his 
personal  freedom.  Money  earned  by  the  Credit  Foncier 
belongs  to  the  stockholders.  It  is  suggested  that  50  per 
cent,  be  put  into  improvements  on  the  settlements,  etc., — 
into  streets,  electric  passenger-ways,  lights  and  powers, 
etc.,  hotels,  libraries,  theatres,  parks,  etc.,  and  that  the  re- 
mainder be  divided  pro  rata  with  the  shares  of  stock. 
This  latter  would  be  used  by  the  colonists  mostly  in  adding 
to  their  homes  or  in  traveling,  etc.  Credits  once  estab- 
lished with  the  Credit  Foncier  will  be  exchanged  for  drafts 
upon  any  bank  in  the  world;  for  be  it  remembered  that 
"  The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  "  is  designed  to  handle 
the  exchanges  between  Asia,  America  and  Europe. 

No.  3.  It  is  suggested  that  the  Credit  Foncier  sell  the 
lot-interests,  to  the  colonists  in  series  of  500  lot-interests, 
until  3000  lot-interests  are  occupied;  and  after  that  at  the 
regular  price  of  $200  per  lot-interest,  the  wish  being  to  en* 

slaves,— or,  like  horses,  without  an  owner,  which  all  may  ride,  whilst 
none  are  compelled  to  feed. 

The  meaning  of  Levitt  xxv.  23,  has  always  been  clear  enough  in  the 
English  translation  but  a  somewhat  harsh  emendation  of  the  Revisers 
will  perhaps  serve  to  arrest  the  attention  of  some  who  do  not  read  the 
Bible  attentively  enough  to  see  how  thoroughly  it  is  opposed  to  land- 
lordism, The  prohibition— " The  land  shall  not  be  sold  in  perpe- 
tuity"—clearly  proves  that,  according  to  the  theory  of  the  Law  no 
Je w  ever  held  the  fce-simpl*  of  his  land:  "  for  the  land  is  MINK" 
•aith  the  Lord,  "for  ye  are  stringers  and  sojoumers  with  ME." 


140 


SUPPLEMENT. 


courage  rapid  settlement  by  useful  people.  The  first 
builders  having  the  choice  of  location.  If  this  plan  were 
adhered  to,  and  it  is  strongly  urged,  the  profits  on  the 
stock  would  be  as  follows. 

ist  Series — 500  lot  interests  at  $10  -  -  -  $  5?OOo 
2cl  Series — 500  lot  interests  at  $20  ...  10,000 
3d  Series — 500  lot  interests  at  $40  -  20,000 

4th  Series — 500  lot  interests  at  $80        -  40,000 

5th  Series — 500  lot  interests  at  $160  ...  80,000 
6th  Series — 500  lot  interests  at  $200  -  100,000 

3,000  lot  interests  at  average  of  $85        -        -        $255,000 

The  3000  lot-interests  will  probably  be  taken  by  IOOG 
heads  of  families,  and  these  can  be  placed  upon  the  lands 
and  given  occupations  within  six  months  after  our  organ- 
ization is  perfected.  The  12,000  lot-interests,  still  held  by 
the  Credit  Foncier,  at  $200  would  bring  in  $2,400,000  which 
added  to  the  255,000  makes  $2,655,000  for  an  investment 
of  $30,000.  One  half  of  this  could  be  put  upon  the  town 
and  farm  improvements,  and  the  other  half  be  divided  pro 
rata  with  the  stockholders.  It  is  thought  that  when  5000 
heads  of  families  have  settled,  about  15,000  lots  will  have 
been  sold. 

When  2,000  colonists  have  located  the  Credit  Foncier 
will  settle  with  the  owners  of  the  remaining  (85,000  lots) 
property  at  the  rate  of  $2  per  lot  in  cash. 

All  building  will  be  done  by  the  Credit  Foncier.  The 
colonist  has  the  choice  of  location  and  can  select  the  design 
and  the  cost  of  his  house  ;  the  Credit  Foncier  demands, 
however,  that  the  house  be  suitable  for  the  climate,  fire- 
proof and  built  with  strict  regard  to  sanitary  conditions. 

The  payments  for  the  lot-interests,  houses  and  transporta- 
tions can  be  paid  with  services,  with  properties — real  and  per- 
sonal— or  with  "  moneys  ;  "  and  at  cost. 

The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa,  after  it  is  started,  will 
communicate  by  letter  with  a  heeded  mechanic  or  a  worthy 
woman,  who  has  paid  for  one  share  of  stock,  send  him  or 


SUPPLEMENT.  1 4  , 

her  an  order  for  a  ticket  from  the  place  he  or  she  may  be, 
to  Guaymas  or  San  Francisco,  together  with  ten  (10) 
dollars  or  more  for  meals,  etc.,  en  route,  meet  him  or  her 
with  the  boat  of  the  company,  convey  him  or  her  to 
"  Pacific  Colony,"  put  him  or  her  in  a  permanent  or  tem- 
porary home,  with  food,  furniture,  etc.,  and  insure  him  or 
her  agreeable  and  remunerative  employment  such  as  had 
been  and  at  the  wages  previously  agreed  upon.  Thus  we 
see  that  the  Credit  Foncier  banks  upon  the  services 
which  men  and  women  can  render  to  society — when  they 
will  agree  to  be  encouraged  and  protected  by  a  responsible, 
experienced  and  systematized  management.  The  humani- 
tarianism  of  this  movement  is  based  upon  business  princi- 
ples. The  risk  will  not  be  so  great  as  those  taken  by  fire, 
life  or  accident  insurance  companies,  and  the  benefits 
will  accrue  faster  and  be  of  community  importance.  The 
basis  of  this  action  is  simply  to  assist  others  to  assist  them- 
selves knowing  that  good  will  come  to  the  assisters  and  to  the 
assisted.  We  are  to  be  missionaries  among  ourselves.  We 
are  the  ones  who  need  united  action  and  generous,  humane 
actions  and  teachings.  After  we  practice  with  good 
results  our  own  beliefs  made  perfect,  we  will  have  ample 
time  to  dictate  at  the  cannon's  moifth,  if  that  spirit  is 
thought  to  be  aesthetic,  how  others  must  pray  and  wash 
themselves.  -* 

No.  4.  The  by-laws  will  be  drafted  by  the  Directors 
immediately  after  their  election,  and  will  be  submitted  by 
mail  to  every  stockholder  for  his  or  her  approval,  rejection 
or  comments.  After  said  comments,  etc.,  have  been  con- 
sidered by  the  Directors,  the  by-laws  will  be  determined 
upon  again,  printed  and  sent  to  the  stockholders,  and  any 
one  is  at  liberty  to  withdraw  from  the  association  ;  and  in 
that  case,  the  5  per  cent,  which  will  have  been  paid  will 
be  returned.  There  is  no  wish  to  have  any  one  go  into 
this  movement  agaipst  his  or  her  desire.  Equity  is  the 


142  SUPPLEMENT. 

aim  we  have.  It  will  take  men  and  women  of  firmness, 
purpose  and  inward  conviction  to  inaugurate  so  important 
a  colony.  All  other  persons  would  be  in  our  way  and  in 
their  own. 

No.  5.  The  marriage  state  is  the  safety  valve  of  moral 
action  and  scientific  progress.  We  must  encourage  „  it. 
In  Russia  34^2  per  cent,  of  children  born  are  illegitimate  ; 
and  the  average  length  of  life  in  Russia  is  only  twenty-six 
years.  Russia  is  a  state  founded  upon  the  church,  and 
every  man,  woman  and  child  cross  themselves  about  forty 
times  a  day.  In  France  24  per  cent,  are  illegitimate.  In 
the  United  States  the  increase  of  sexual  depravity  is  in- 
creasing to  the  demoralization  of  every  thought  and 
action.* 

The  Credit  Fonder  must  encourage  early  marriage,  and 
in  fact,  marriages  at  all  mature  ages  must  be  promoted  in 
every  way  equitable. 

No.  6.  The  Directors  should  be  elected  for  five  years, 
at  first,  because  it  will  take  earnest,  devoted  and  self- 
sacrificing  persons  that  length  of  time,  in  all  probability, 
to  get  the  first  settlement  into  satisfactory  working  order; 
and  if  they  show  positive  ability  and  uncompromising  pur- 
pose in  their  efforts  to  this  end  they  should  feel  that  they 
will  have  ample  time  to  test  the  workings  of  their  details. 
The  ten  Departments  mentioned  come  into  existence  as 
soon  as  the  settlement  starts,  and  thus  the  pioneers  will  be 
mostly  put  in  direction  of  the  leading  industries  and  Depart- 
ments. Women  take  their  places  at  all  times  and  in  every 
way  they  desire,  with  their  husbands,  brothers  and  sons. 
The  Directors  will  be  added  to  as  the  colony  progresses. 
There  is  no  possibility  of  any  one  or  two  or  "  a  ring  " 

*The  Daily  Evening  Telegraph,  Phi  la.,  Aug.  I,  '85  : 
Every  year  the  divorce  wheel  flies  swifter  and  swifter  around,  and 
Philadelphia  is  gradually  earning  the  descriptive  title  of  "  The  City  of 
Divorces,"  Statistics  compiled  in  relation  to  this  momentous  question 


SUPPLEMENT  ,43 

holding  absolute  power  at  anytime  or  under  any  circum- 
stance. The  departments  are  co-ordinate ;  and  each  is  dis- 
tinct in  its  organization,  while,  at  the  same  time,  interde- 
pendent with  all  of  the  others.  EacA  Director  is  equal 
officially  with  his  colleagues,  is  elected  'in  the  same 
"way,  for  the  same  time,  by  the  same  voters,  and  is  in 
no  way  subordinate  to  any  one.  Each  is  accountable  to 
the  colonists  only  ;  of  whom  they  are,  and  from  whom  they 
receive  their  election.  They  will  be  governed  in  Depart- 
ments and  in  joint  meetings,  etc.,  by  officers  and  rulings 
made  by  themselves  so  as  the  better  to  meet  all  cases  and 
to  dispatch  business  with  promptness  and  effect. 

The  human  body  has  its  head,  heart,  muscles,  nerves, 
'etc.  Each  is  distinct  and  entirely  different  from,  yet 
interdependent  with  the  others.  An  injury  to  any  one  of 
these  is  detrimental  to  all,  and  the  health  and  vigor  of  the 
whole  is  dependent  upon  the  perfection  and  separate 
action  of  the  parts.  Reformers  have  been,  as  a  rule,  intent 
upon  redressing  some  one  great  and  acknowledged  social 
evil.  They  have  neglected  to  treat  society  as  a  whole,  and 
in  spite  of  earnestness,  wealth  and  persistency,  the  result 
has  been  unsatisfactory,  and  society  has  received  but  com- 
parative benefits  from  the  devotions  and  self-sacrifices 
made.  Reformers  will  fail  until  they  treat  society  as  a 
whole  ;  and  not  as  a  part.  The  church,  as  you  know,  has 

reveal  a  sad  state  of  affairs.  The  average  of  divorces  for  ten  years 
past  has  been  found  to  be  one  in  every  thirty-four,  as  the  annexed 
figures  will  show:— 


1875. 
1876, 

6,144    r 

5»34i 

narriages 
do. 

»     153    < 
159 

iivorces 
do. 

>    or 
or 

in 
in 

40 
53 

1877, 

6,147 

do. 

188 

do. 

or 

in 

3* 

1878, 

6,247 

do. 

'93 

do. 

or 

in 

32 

1879, 

5^224 

do. 

164 

do. 

or 

in 

31 

1880, 

6,476 

do. 

200 

do. 

or 

in 

32 

1881, 

f. 

7,569 

do. 

183 

do. 

or 

in 

4* 

1882, 

8,521 

do. 

267 

do. 

or 

in 

3' 

1883, 

8,33* 

do. 

216 

do. 

or 

in 

38 

1854, 

£,637 

do. 

242 

do. 

or 

in 

35 

I44  SUPPLEMENT. 

treated  "  the  soul,"  whatever  that  may  be,  and  they  have 
failed.  The  anti-slavery  advocates  worked  for  the  political 
advancement  of  the  American  negro  south,  and  have  only 
succeeded  in  taking  him  from  chattel  slavery  and  putting 
him  into  a  worse  state  of  dependence  as  a  wage-slave. 
The  "  Greenbackers,"  the  Protectionists,  the  Woman 
Suffragists,  the  Prohibitionists,  the  advocates  for  the 
nationalization  of  land  ;  the  Trade  Unionists,  the  eight- 
hour  laborers,  etc.,  have  correct  principles  at  the  founda- 
tion of  their  efforts,  but  they  treat  society  in  part,  and  not 
as  a  whole,  and  will  not  obtain  satisfactory  results,  even  if 
they  each  succeed  in  effecting  the  perfection  of  all  they 
aim  at. 

Directors  will  have  occupations  in  the  fields,  shops  and 
offices,  and,  only  in  exceptional  cases,  will  receive  a 
salary ;  for  instance,  when  the  director  is  50  years  or  more 
of  age,  and  when  the  public  duties  are  such  as  to  make  it 
necessary  for  the  director  to  attend  entirely  to  the  same. 
Every  colonist  will  be  capable  to  fill  some  of  the  director- 
ships and  assist  towards  its  efficiency — and  an  hour  or  so 
a  day,  devoted  to  the  general  welfare,  will  be  found  to 
result  to  private  interest  more  than  most  persons  have 
calculated.  In  *'  Pacific  Colony "  the  possibility  of  a 
favored  class  being  educated  for  governing  will  be  very 
slim  indeed.  The  order  is  that  every  colonist  shall  have 
a  special  trade  or  occupation.  "  Middle  Men/'  "  Officials," 
Policemen  "  and  "  Employers  "  will  have  passed  from  our 
midst,  and  usefulness  in  productive  callings  will  give  its 
advocates  the  wealth,  the  social  rank  and  the  marked 
individuality  in  the  settlement.  The  diversification  and 
perfection  of  trade  will  be  the  earnest  aim  of  the  promoters. 

No.  7.  If  a  person  does  not  violate  the  principles  which 
he  or  she  has  approved  by  becoming  colonists  (having 
accepted  the  by-laws)  there  will  be  no  power  to  remove 
them,  and  certainly  no  wish. 


SUPPLEMENT.  I45 

No.  8.  The  lawyers  will  simply  be  attorneys  of  the  cor- 
poration. Their  numbers  will  probably  never  be  many. 
We  wish  producers.  Our  aim  and  study  will  be  to  remove 
every  avoidable  friction  to  association.  As  society  ad- 
vances upon  true  methods  persons  not  producers  will  be 
comes  less  in  numbers  and  in  importance  when  compared 
to  our  present  time  and  systems. 

No.  9.  The  farm  lands  will  be  worked  by  the  Credit 
Foncier  and  the  products  will  be  sold  at  the  markets  and 
bazaars  of  the  company,  by  the  company's  agents.  If 
there  are  persons  who  wish  to  lease  lands  owned  and  not 
used  by  the  company  they  can  do  so.  Such  cases  would 
necessarily  be  rare  and  the  purposes  exceptional.  The 
wharves  may  be  leased  to  steamship  or  other  companies 
for  their  specified  uses.  Not  to  any  company  or  person 
for  speculative  purposes.  The  supply  departments  of  the 
Credit  Foncier  will  embrace  all  articles  of  food  and  utility, 
and  all  manufacturing  will  be  done  exclusively  by  the 
Credit  Foncier.  No  man,  woman  or  child  will  be  directly 
employed  by  another  man  or  woman.  All  occupations  will 
be  through  the  Department  of  employments.  Individuality, 
therefore  will  be  subservient  or  subordinated  but  to  the 
corporation,  and  yet,  each  will  be  assisted  and  encouraged 
to  excel  in  his  or  her  particular  line  of  usefulness.  We 
are  opposed  to  eqtiality  in  anything.  There  is  nodivisionof 
properties  or  ot  profits,  communistically  speaking.  The 
Credit  Foncier  simply  but  thoroughly  takes  charge  of  the 
things  common  to  our  civilization,  and  permits  and  assists 
the  individual  to  work  out  his  best  and  strongest  char- 
acteristics free  from  competition  with  associated-partner- 
ships and  privileged  classes.  Man  will  be  stimulated  to 
excel  man,  and  woman  to  rival  woman  in  all  things  worthy 
of  emulation;  and  the  colonist  will  be  left  greater  liberty 
to  select  his  or  her  companionships  than  is  possible  in  our 
present  state  of  disorganized  society  where  politics  and 


X46  SUPPLEMENT. 

business  make  strange  bedfellows.  There  cannot  possibly 
be  any  crowding,  for  the  occupation  of  every  colonist  is 
decided  upon  before  he  or  she  is  permitted  to  go  to  the 
settlement ;  but  when  once  there  the  Credit  Foncier  insures 
him  or  her  the  work  and  the  wage  agreed  upon.  The 
children  of  the  colony  are  instructed  in  trade  and  science, 
and  are  ever  the  objects  of  watchful  solicitude  by  the  cor- 
poration. 

The  frightful  loss  of  time,  mbney,  life,  property  anc\ 
morality  which  takes  place  every  hour,  year  in  and  foi 
(Centuries,  in  our  modern  dens,  yes !  hells  of  iniquity,  called 
"  cities,"  will  have  no  place  with  us. 

Left  to  chance — "to  the  "liberty  and  independence  guaran 
teed  us  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States"  whatevei 
that  may  mean,  there  are  a  hundred  hat  stores  where  one 
would  more  than  supply  the  demand,  and  consequently 
each  hat  merchant  must  crowd  the  hat  maker  into  starva- 
tion wage,  spit  his  spite  against  the  other  hat  sellers,  and 
cheat  the  consumer  into  ruinous  prices  for  inferior  articles. 
This  knavery  and  injustice  causes  95  merchants  out  of 
every  100  to  fail,  and  the  sickly  ones  are  turned  into  the 
ministry  and  the  cunning  ones  become  professionals,  stock 
gamblers,  drummers,  and  jobbers.  From  past  experiences 
they  may  be  said  to  be  eminently  fitted  for  their  callings  ; 
and  society  suffers  in  consequence.  When  civilization  is 
based  upon  a  lie  the  order  of  its  existence  becomes  lies 
and  its  upholders  become  liars  and  villains  with  wonderful 
consistency  and  force.  What  can  we  say  of  a  civilization 
(God  save  the  mark)  which  permits  a  hundred  thousand 
pounds  of  meat,  a  million  pounds  of  fruit  and  vegetables 
to  rot  within  sight  of  a  thousand  human  beings,  pregnant 
women,  little  children,  aged  men,  who  suffer  and  starve, 
go  blind  and  insane,  mad  and  dead  for  want  of  part  of 
these  things?  Yes!  and  where  the  church  steeples  are 
built  higher  the  lower  human  beings  are  pushed  into  filth 


SUPPLEMENT.  147 

and  degradation  ;  and  where  the  more  out  own  people 
suffer  the  louder  hypocrites  call  for  alms  to  send  mis* 
sionaries  "  to  preach  the  gospel  to  the  heathen  in  foreign 
lands."  Is  it  then  strange  that  some  of  us  should  have  a 
feeling  within  which  thumps  against  our  ribs  and  exclaims, 
"  Great  God  !  how  long  is  this  thing  to  last  ?  "  Are  we  to 
make  no  effort  to  protect  ourselves,  our  children  and  those 
dear  to  us  from  the  impending  ruin  which  must  certainly 
follow  in  the  wake  of  such  injustice  to  fellow  beings  ? 

No.  10.  We  can  obtain  absolute  control  of  the  lots  and 
lands  suggested,  and  the  farmers,  mechanics,  women  and 
accountants  are  ready  to  settle.  The  needed  element  to 
make  our  enterprise  a  success  is  *•  money."  The  Credit 
Foncier,  therefore  at  first  offers  stock  to  persons  having 
savings  and  that  stock  receives  profits  from  all  earnings, 
so  long  as  we  use  the  money,  /'.  ^.,  until  actual  settlers 
must  have  the  stock  to  obtain  their  right  to  build.  That 
is  equity  as  we  understand  it. 

We  have  asked,  "  what  amount  of  money  will  you  take  ? " 
This  is  to  enable  us  to  calculate  how  much  "  The  Credit 
Foncier  "  will  have  to  bank  upon  for  outside  dealings  at 
the  start.  It  would  be  far  more  profitable  for  all  colonists 
to  invest  in  stock  and  to  enjoy  the  profits  as  they  can  than 
to  simply  deposit  and  draw  interest ,  but  they  will  judge 
of  that  and  many  other  things  for  themselves. 

ANSWER  BY  A.  K.  OWEN  TO  QUESTIONS  BY  MR.  F.  B.  PARSE, 
RIDGEVVOOD,  FLORIDA. 

The  Miner  and  Mechanic  of  Neosho,  Mo.,  has  published 
June  i3th,  and  2oth,  1885,  a  tetter  relative  to  the  workings 
of  '•  The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa."  In  that  letter,  I  think 
you  w.ll  find  answers  to  all  you  have  asked.  In  the  mean 
while,  I  will  say  that  there  is  nothing  like  "  force  "  in  the 
management  of  Pacific  Colony.  A  person  becomes  a  Col« 


148  SUPPLEMENT. 

onist,  not  even  through  persuasion,  but  from  an  inward 
conviction  that  society,  as  now  organized,  fails  to  make 
better  men  and  women  as  time  goes  by  and  machinery  is 
perfected.*  We  should  judge  a  tree  by  its  fruit  and  a  sys- 
tem by  its  results.  The  groans  which  come  from  the  honest 
toilers,  from  the  wretched  women,  miserable  men  and  un- 
happy children,  from  every  corner  of  our  land,  bespeak  for 
our  system  of  government  a  failure  so  monstrous  that  crime 
becomes  a  virtue  when  contrasted  with  its  doings.  Woman- 
hood, manhood  and  intellectuality  make  demand  for  a 
change.  Our  purpose  is  to  obtain  a  foothold  and  to  inaug* 
urate  a  civilization  which  will  have  for  its  basic  idea  the 
development  of  the  man  and  woman  physically ;  feeling  as- 
sured that  with  health  and  general  employment,  intellect- 
uality and  morality  are  certain  to  follow.  In  Pacific  Colony 
an  injury  offered  to  the  meanest  individual  is  considered 
an  insult  upon  the  whole  constitution. 

A  person  cannot  become  a  Colonist  without  signing  the 
by-laws  and  deciding  before  he  or  she  goes  to  the  settle- 
ments, the  class  of  occupation  he  or  she  prefers  to  follow. 
This  does  not  prevent  him  or  her  from  changing  occupa- 
tions if  he  or  she  judges  it  better  to  do  so.  The  purpose 
of  the  corporation  is  to  assist  others  to  assist  themselves ; 
and  while  business  methods,  strict  accountability  in  all 
public  trusts,  promptness  in  fulfilling  engagements  and 
punctuality  in  keeping  appointments,  will  be  strictly 
adhered  to,  there  is  a  responsibility  by  the  community  for 
every  person  and  thing,  at  all  times  and  in  every  place ; 
hence  order  will  reign,  while  individuality,  for  the  first  time 

*  Owing  to  improved  machinery  and  cheap  labor,  the  average 
cost  of  harvesting  grain  in  California  is  less  than  it  has  ever  been. 
One  farmer  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  pays  4  cents  a  sack  for  harvest- 
ing his  crop.  Under  old  methods  the  cost  of  threshing  alone  hat 
keen  as  high  as  1 5  cents. 


SUPPLEMENT. 

in  the  world,  we  think,  will  be  left  free  to  excel  in  every 
worthy  calling. 

There  will  be  no  "  rents  "  as  we  understand  the  term  in 
this  civilized-barbarism.  Persons  are  bound  to  keep  their 
lot,  house,  street,  area,  etc0  in  perfect  order,  and  this  is 
the  only  "  rent'*  they  ever  pay.  There  is  no  such  thing  as 
speculation  in  lands,  stocks  and  securities  with  us. 

*'  Interest "  is  nominally  used  among  us  the  same  as  it 
is  among  the  members  of  a  building  association  ;  /.  c.  we 
pay  interest  to  ourselves,  not  to  others.  We  oblige  every 
Colonist  to  have  a  home  and  we  advance  him  the  ways  and 
means  to  do  this,  and  wish  him  to  pay  back  to  the  "  Credit 
Fonder"  as  soon  as  convenient,  for  the  service  rendered. 
"  Interest  "  will  encourage  him  or  her  to  pay,  and  not  allow 
one  to  impose  upon  the  many,  or  the  many  to  bear  in- 
equitably upon  the  one.  We  might  say  "cost  "  or  "  rent  " 
instead  of  "  interest "  but  its  practical  working  would 
be  the  same.  After  getting  well  organized  we  can  improve  in 
many  ways  upon  the  suggestions  which  have  been  made. 
Recollect  that  we  are  moving  from  civilized-barbarism  to  a 
new  plane  of  life,  and  will  have  to  suffer  some  of  the  results 
of  bad  associations  until  we  can  manage  our  own  affairs 
with  a  master  mind  made  thorough  through  experience. 

The  church*  has  no  claim  upon  us.  Our  care  is  with  this 
earth.  We  will  try  and  prevent  our  colonists  from  looking 
so  high,  and  so  distant  for  their  happiness,  as  to  look  over 
and  beyond  the  every-day  affairs  needing  their  attention. 
We  believe  with  Coleridge  that  "  he  who  begins  by  loving 
Christianity  better  than  truth,  will  proceed  by  loving  his 
own  5ect  or  church  better  than  Christianity,  and  end  in  lov- 
ing himself  better  than  all."  We  have  had  enough  of 

*  A  writer  in  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  says  of  Edinburgh  :  To  a  stran- 
ger who  selects  Edinburgh  as  a  place  to  live  in,  there  is  practically  no 
society,  such  as  one  can  readily  have  in  most  cities.  The  attention  of 
the  natives  is  taken  up  with  petty  church  squabbles  and  profc* 


,£  6  SUPPLEMENT. 

"  Hell  "  practically,  and,  entirely  too  "  little  of  Heaven.1* 
We  have  had  "church  "  until  we  can't  rest,  let  us  have  the 
teachings  of  Jesus  Christ  put  into  practice.  If  there  is 
anything  left  of  "  Christianity  "  but  hypocrisy  let  us  see 
who  has  the  moral  courage  to  live  up  to  its  best  prompt- 
ings.* 

As  a  corporation,  "  The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  "  is 
a  citizen  of  Mexico ;  but  the  colonists  as  individuals,  are 
free  to  retain  citizenship  elsewhere  ;  just  the  same  as  the 
stockholders  in  a  Mexican  railroad  company  are.  It  may, 
however,  become  a  particular  advantage  for  us  to  take  out 
papers  of  Mexican  citizenship.  This  will  be  optional  with 
each  person.  "  Competition  "  between  individuals  in  the 
production  and  manufacture  of  articles,  etc.  will  be  free. 

sional  jealousies.  In  days  gone  by— in  the  days  of  Jeffrey  and  Cock- 
burn — Edinburgh  was  a  place  to  live  in  and  to  enjoy.  It  is  not  so 
now,  and  this  has  been  brought  by  its  theological  hairsplitting  and 
religious  intolerance.  It  is  now  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  big 
schoo],  where  our  boys  can  be  taught  everything  on  earth  save  good 
manners. 

In  Ecuador  there  is  a  church,  it  is  said,  for  every  150  inhabitants 
and  10  per  cent  of  the  population  are  priests,  monks  or  nuns.  The 
priests  control  the  government  in  all  its  branches,  and  272  days  of  the 
year  are  observed  as  feast  or  fast  days.  One-fourth  of  all  the  property 
belongs  to  the  Church.  Seventy-five  per  cent  of  the  people  can 
neither  read  nor  write. 

Mexico  overthrew  her  church  and  confiscated  its  properties  in  1857. 
There  is  no  othu  nation  so  free  from  church  slavery  as  Mexico  is 
to-day. 

*  "  The  church  represents  all  we  fear  and  seek  to  destroy,  the 
theatre  all  we  love  and  seek  to  uphold.  The  church  is  the  grave  of 
the  past,  the  theatre  the  cradle  of  the  future.  The  church  forges 
fetters,  and  the  theatre  breaks  them  The  church  thrives  on  ignorance, 
the  theatre  on  intellectual  development.  The  church  has  outlived  all 
its  usefulness,  the  theatre  is  full  of  undeveloped  possibilities  of  good." 
George  Chainey,  of  Boston. 

N.  B.— We  would  substitute  "  the  lecture  hall  "  for  "the  theatre." 

A.  K.  OWEN. 


SUPPLEM&.\"1\  !  ^  j 

There  will  be  no  "  competition  "  between  middlemen  ;  nor 
will  there  be  huckstering  or  "  jobbing  "  of  any  kind.  There- 
fore lies,  knavery  and  swindling  will  not  be  a  necessity  to 
success  in  our  settlements.  Partnerships,  firms  and  incor- 
porated classes  will  not  for  a  moment  be  thought  of  by  us, 
"The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa"  is  our  state.  It  alone  is 
our  Corporation.  There  is  no  other  corporation  within 
ourselves  but  it.  Man  and  woman  will  be  encouraged  to 
excel  and  compete  in  their  individual  callings,  will  be  free 
to  choose  their  own  companionships,  etc.,  and  all  laws,  or 
regulations  rather,  enjoyed  by  the  community  will  be  gen- 
eral and  not  particular  as  with  class  governments  now 
combined  against  the  people.  Equity  and  integral  co- 
operation are  our  aims.  Gradually,  we  hope  to  explain 
other  details. 

NEW  YORK,  June  2Qth  1885. 
WALTER  C.  GIBSON,  Esq.,  President  Mexican — American 

Construction  Co. 
DEAR  SIR  : 

According  to  an  order  received  from  you  to  proceed  to 
Topolobampo,  Mexico,  and  to  make  a  thorough  examination 
for  the  construction  of  the  first  one  hundred  miles  of  the 
American  and  Mexican  Pacific  Railroad,  I  went  by  rail  to 
Guaymas,  thence,  by  sailing  vessel  to  Topolobampo,  a  dis- 
tance of  200  miles  down  the  Gulf  of  California,  which 
occupied  five  days,  being  delayed  two  days  by  calm,  as 
the  trip  is  generally  made  in  three  days. 

I  arrived  at  Topolobamo  on  the  iSth  of  April.  We  had 
no  difficulty  in  crossing  the  bar  or  entering  the  harbor,  as 
the  Captain  knew  the  channel  and  harbor  well,  and  never 
took  down  any  sail  until  ready  to  drop  anchor  in  the  inner 
harbor. 

We  crossed  the  bar  at  low  tide  and  although  our  vessel 
was  of  light  draught,  I  had  the  Captain  take  soundings 


'5* 


SUPPLEMENT, 


before  approaching  and  until  we  crossed  the  bar,  and  found 
three  fathoms  on  the  bar,  which  seemed  to  me  only  for  a 
distance  of  three  hundred  feet  when  we  found  deep  water 
and  did  not  sound  again  until  we  cast  anchor  in  the  inner 
harbor  in  four  fathoms  of  water.  The  Captain  told  rne 
that  there  was  another  channel  south  of  where  we  crossed 
the  bar  that  had  more  water  and -that  the  largest  ship  could 
sail  into  the  harbor  at  anytime  when  the  channel  was 
marked  by  buoys  ;  he  also  says  that  captains,  as  a  general 
rule,  enter  ports  at  high  tide,  that  the  tides  here  rise  from 
four  to  six  feet  and  there  is  no  danger  for  Ihe  largest 
steamers  to  enter  Topolobampo.  The  harbor  is  beautiful 
and  extensive  and  will  give  shelter  to  all  the  fleets  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean, 

I  found  teams  at  work  grading  that  went  there  in  Feb- 
ruary ;  and  after  looking  over  the  work  and  finding  it  so 
light;  also,  that  there  would  be  no  rails  there  this  summer, 
I  concluded  it  would  be  best  to  suspend  the  grading  until 
such  time  as  the  rails  were  shipped,  put  the  teams  con. 
structing  reservoirs  to  hold  water  from  the  rains  for  our 
use  next  season,  until  we  could  construct  the  first  16  miles 
and  dig  wells,  and  put  up  water  tanks  ;  then  we  could 
handle  the  water  with  trains,  to  supply  all  parties  both  on 
the  line  and  at  the  harbor. 

I  examined  the   line  carefully  and  find  that  the  first  40 

miles  can  be  constructed  and  equipped  for  thousand 

dollars  per  mile,  including  station  buildings  'at  Topolo- 
bampo, Mochis  and  San  Bias.  The  next  60  miles  can  be 

constructed  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed  thousand  dollars 

per  mile,  basing  my  calculations  on  the  present  prices  of 
materials  of  all  kinds,  the  grade  being  very  light,  this  of 
course  you  know,  as  you  have  the  Engineer's  figures  in 
your  office  ;  and  one  light  locomotive  will  do  more  work  than 
two  heavy  and  expensive  engines  on  some  other  roads, 
which  will  be  a  vast  saving  in  the  operating. 


SUPPLEMENT.  j^j 

Topolobampo  Harbor  is  so  situated  that  when  opened 
by  railroad  communication  it  will  command  all  the  tiaffic 
for  over  one  hundred  miles  north  and  south  along  the  coast 
and  directly  back  to  the  mountains  one  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  where  the  mining  interests  center ;  and  the  terminus 
of  the  railroad  will  be  the  distributing  point  for  the  mining 
section  on  the  west  slope  of  the  Sierra  taadre.  This  in- 
cludes the  Batopilas  mining  district. 

The  placer  mining  along  the  foot  hills  will,  in  my  judg- 
ment, prove  to  be  rich  and  extensive,  and  I  would  not  be 
surprised  to  see  a  mining  excitement  such  as  the  days  of 
49,  after  placer  experts  examine  this  section  of  the  country  ; 
and  as  for  the  quartz  mines  of  all  kinds,  gold,  silver,  copper 
and  lead,  they  are  numerous  and  rich,  and  the  day  is  not 
far  distant  when  this  will  be  the  greatest  bullion  producing 
district  in  the  world.  All  it  wants  is  enterprise,  machinery 
and  capital  to  bring  about  these  results,  which  no  doubt 
will  follow  the  building  of  the  railroad. 

At  present  there  are  about  six  thousand  animals  engaged 
in  freighting  from  the  gulf  to  the  mountains  by  the  way  of 
Alamos,  Fuerte  and  Sinaloa,  all  of  which  will  come  for  this 
freight  to  the  railroad  when  it  is  constructed  ;  so  you  need 
have  no  fears  concerning  the  earnings  of  the  road  as  it 
will  pay  interest  on  its  bonded  debt,  and  a  monthly  dividend 
to  its  stockholders.- 

While  traveling  through  the  valley  I  was  treated  with 
the  utmost  kindness  and  hospitality  by  the  Mexican  people, 
traveling  without  arms  both  night  and  day,  camping  by  the 
river  with  perfect  safety.  I  found  the  climate  not  so  hot 
as  I  expected.  I  carried  a  thermometer  with  me  which 
showed  85°  to  90°  during  the  day,  and  68°  was  the  lowest 
at  night  ;  and  the  highest  that  I  saw  it  at  any  time, 
was  at  Fuerte  City,  when  it  showed  100°.  Inside  the  adobe 
buildings  it  showed  85°  to  87,°  and  I  did  not  fee!  the  heat 
any  more  than  I  would  75°  in  New  York.  I  have  experienced 


,54  SUPPLEMENT. 

greater  heat  in  the  construction  of  railroads  in  Arizona, 
Nevada  and  California. 

The  land  along  the  line  of  the  road  is  very  rich  and  is 
capable  of  supporting  a  large  population,  as  everything 
planted  grows  the  whole  year  round,  and  can  be  planted 
every  month  in  the  year  with  irrigation  or  on  the  bottom 
lands,  and  on  the  highest  mesas  during  the  rains,  where  fine 
crops  of  corn  and  wheat  are  raised  with  less  than  one  half 
the  labor  employed  in  any  part  of  the  United  States  ;  and 
in  three  or  four  years,  after  your  road  is  constructed  through 
this  valley,  it  will  compare  with  Los  Angelos  country,  Cali- 
fornia, as  to  settlements,  fine  orchards  and  farms. 

The  first  sixteen  miles  of  the  road  will  reach  the  centre 
of  the  company's  lands,  called  u  Los  Mochis,"  a  tract,  con- 
sisting of  thirty-three  thousand  and  five  hundred  acres,  all 
of  which  is  rich  soil  and  will  raise  good  crops  of  all  kinds, 
and  is  without  doubt  valuable  property,  and  will  command 
good  prices  when  the  road  is  built  this  far. 

The  first  station  from  Topolobampo  which  will  be  con- 
structed here  (Los  Mochis),  will  be  an  important  one,  as 
this  is  the  diverging,  point  for  Ahome  and  several  other 
places  on  the  Fuerte  river,  and  for  the  State  Capital, 
Sinaloa  City,  and  for  other  towns  on  the  Sinaloa  river  ;  and 
as  soon  as  the  road  is  finished  to  this  station  it  will  com- 
mand all  the  traffic  that  now  goes  through  these  valleys 
from  all  ports  within  one  hundred  miles  on  either  side  of 
Topolobampo  ;  thus  you  can  see  that  the  road  will  pay 
from  the  start 

To  construct  the  first  sixteen  miles  will  require  a  little 
more  per  mile  than  it  will  to  complete  the  next  twenty 
four,  on  account  of  the  rock  work  on  the  first  mile  at  the 
harbor. 

I  consider  this  a  very  important  move  to  make  at  this  time 
in  the  face  of  Mexico's  suspension  of  the  payment  of  rail- 
road subsidies  for  the  present,  for  by  the  company  showing 


SUPPLEMENT.  ,  ,  - 

Its  good  faith  in  Mexico  at  this  particular  time  would  be 
sure  to  lead  to  the  company  getting  other  favors  from 
Mexico,  which  in  the  end  would  be  more  advantageous  to 
all  concerned  than,  the  subsidy  in  its  existing  form. 

In  order  to  carry  out  the  above  plan  it  is  necessary  to 
have  it  decided  within  the  month,  as  there  is  some  work 
that  should  be  done  before  it  rains  hard. 

My  trip  from  the  mouth  of  the  Fuerte  River  to  New 
York,  was  made  in  ten  days,  but  when  the  proper  connec- 
tion is  made  by  steam  between  Topolobampo  and  Guay- 
mas,  the  trip  can  be  made  in  seven  days  all  of  which  will 
be  accomplished  as  soon  as  one  mile  of  track  is  laid  from 
the  harbor.  Yours  truly, 

JAMES  CAMPBELL. 

NEW  YORK,  June  28.  1885. 

Mr. 

DEAR  SIR  : 

"  Pacific  Colony  Site  "  on  the  bay  of  Topolobampo 
Sinaloa,  Mexico,  is  owned  by  several  persons.  The 
stockholders  of  the  railroad  company,  to  which  I  belong, 
have  the  controlling  interests  ;  but  the  whole  is  held  in 
deed  of  trust  by  one  person.  The  plan  accepted  by  said 
trustee  carries  all  interests,  but  the  railroad  people  have 
the  right  to  sell  first.  The  Credit  Fonder  will  have  to  deal 
only  with  the  trustee. 

The  Colony  site  is  laid  out  and  the  minimum  building 
area  (25  x  150)  has  been  decided  upon.  A  colonist  can 
buy  from  one  to  forty-eight  lot-interests.  There  should  be 
no  difficulty  for  an  average  person  being  satisfied  within 
these  restrictions.  Those  having  claims  in  the  said  lands 
generally  express  them  by  "  lot-interests,"  or  by  percent 
You  will  now  understand  why  I  say  that  after  2,000  per- 
sons have  built  on  the  said  site  that  the  Credit  Foncier 
will  settle  in  full  with  the  railroad  company  and  with  those 


j^6  SUPPLEMENT. 

holding  "  lot-interests  "  /.  e.  with  all  who  hold  the  remain- 
ing 85,000  lots,  etc. 

Your  suggestion  that  after  15,000  shares  have  been  sold, 
that  no  shares  after  that  be  permitted  to  vote  without  the 
holder  is  an  actual  settler,  is  a  good  one  ;  and  I  will  do 
all  I  can  to  have  such  a  provision  go  with  their  sale  ;  as 
well  as  some  equally  as  good  improvements  which  I  am 
not  at  liberty  to  mention  just  now,  even  if  they  were  asked 
by  friends  of  the  movement.  We  should  bear  in  mind  that 
we  do  not  yet  possess  the  lands,  and  the  trustee  may  have 
some  ideas  himself  upon  how  the  property  of  his  clients 
should  be  managed,  etc.  I  could  not,  at  the  time  I  published 
•CREDIT  FONCIER  No.  i,  assume  more  than  I  did.  Be  this 
as  it  may,  the  conditions  of  the  sale  of  the  Credit  Foncier 
stock  will  go  with  it,  and  it  will  be  mor^  profitable  to  the 
holders  to  encourage  the  carrying  out  of  the  basic  prin- 
ciples of  the  settlement  than  to  retard  the  same.  I  feel  that 
if  persons,  no  matter  how  meanly  they  are  constituted,  once 
see  that  they  can  gain  more  and  live  with  greater  security 
and  less  exertion  by  acting  a  correct  part  than  by  going 
contrary  to  the  interests  of  others,  that  they  will  take  the 
straight  rather  than  the  crooked  road.  If  these  premises 
are  wrong,  then  there  is  nothing  to  be  hoped  for  in  science 
and  progress — then  man  is  worse  than  the  brute  and  will 
ever  be  a  curse  to  himself  and  to  others.  It  is  the  incorrect 
organization  in  Society  which  makes  possible  such  villains 
and  scoundrels  as  we  see  around  us.  There  is  no  possible 
way,  by  industry  and  correct  life,  to  rise  to  fortune  and 
influence  in  society  as  it  is  now  constituted.  Bad  con- 
ditions in  everyday  callings  will  make  bad  people,  as 
certain  as  bad  air  and  bad  food  will  give  them  bad  con- 
stitutions, no  matter  how  good  their  intentions  may  be  ; 
and  good  conditions,  surrounding  a  general  system,  will 
make  good  people  be  their  intentions  ever  so  bad.  Of 
course  no  set  of  persons  can  go  from  our  existing  civilized* 


SUPPLEMENT.  ^ 

barbarism  and  lire  from  the  start  a  correct  life.  The  bad 
trainings  and  false  teachings  of  the  past  will  cling  to  us 
for  a  generation  at  least,  be  our  success  never  so  great. 
There  have  to  be  pioneers  in  every  progressive  step — 
persons  who  feel  and  dare — men  and  women  who  are  ready 
and  determined  to  devote  their  remaining  years  to  in- 
augurate a  practical  change  from  existing  evils  in  the  direc- 
tion which  science  and  experience  dictate.  Horace  Wai- 
pole  said  :  "  Life  is  a  comedy  to  him  who  thinks  and  a 
tragedy  to  him  who  feels  ; "  but  we  say  :  "  Life  is  a  duty  to 
him  and  to  her  who  reason  ;  and  no  man  or  woman  can 
afford  to  listen  to  this  inward  conscience  and  not  move 
toward  the  light  which  points  to  the  realization  of  this 
hope." 

Mr.  Edison  has  said  that :  "  before  the  American  people, 
will  accept  anything  new  in  plan,  the  details  must  be  made 
so  plain  that  a  mule  can  understand  them."  In  due  time, 
we  hope  to  make  the  details  of  the  workings  of  the  Credit 
Foncier  of  Sinaloa,  equal  to  that  standard  ;  but,  our  maps 
and  explanations,  although  well  advanced,  cannot  be  well 
duplicated  and  distributed  yet  awhile.  This  is  not  a 
movement  which  may  be  hurried  more  than  the  persons 
who  have  signified  a  willingness  to  associate  themselves 
can  hurry  it.  We  have  tried  to  scatter  the  documents  far 
and  near,  and  to  have  the  conditions  complied  with,  with- 
out which  we  will  not  start  at  all.  We  did  not  understand 
that  we  were  going  to  interfere  with  anyone's  present 
occupations  while  propaganda,  essential  to  organization 
were  being  perfected.  I  am  ready  to  carry  out  all  I  have 
assumed.  Organization  must,  however,  be  made  first. 

One  word  in  regard  to  the  price  of  lands  at  Pacific 
Colony.  I  have  suggested  some  prices  ;  but  they  will  be 
fixed  by  our  Directors. 

Do  not  forget  that  all  sales  will  be  from  and  to  our- 
selves. Building  Associations  loan  money  at  10  to  15  per 


158  SUPPLEMENT. 

cent,  interest ;  but  as  it  is  loaned  by  and  to  their  own  mem- 
bers, it  is  not  unjust. 

The  difficulty  of  getting  water  from  the  Fuerte  is  not  as 
slated.  Mr.  Weidner  means  that  it  would  require  a  ditch 
2000  feet  long  to  get  the  proper  fall  to  run  water  upon  the 
surface  of  the  country  in  irrigating  ditches.  Our  farm 
lands  are  20  miles  below  where  we  expect  to  take  water 
from  the  river,  and  consequently  this  is  not  a  question  to 
be  considered  by  us. 

In  regard  to  climate,  Mr.  James  Campbell  is  just  in  from 
Sinaloa,  and  has  written  an  interesting  report  upon  its 
railroad  enterprise,  harbor,  climate,  water  resources,  etc. 
I  will  try  and  send  you  a  copy  when  I  have  a  few  moments 
from  the  press  of  present  business. 

Respectfully, 

A.  K.  OWEN. 


CHESTER,  Pennsylvania,  July  4,  '85. 
Mr. 

DEAR  SIR,— In  your  favor  of  June  24,  you  make  two 
inquiries.  They  relate  to  the  suggestions  that  the  Credit 
Foncier  of  Sinaloa  takes  reality,  and  that  it  gives  transporta- 
tion and  meals  to  colonists  en  route  from  their  old  to  their 
new  homes. 

It  was  not  the  intention  to  suggest  that  we  take  every 
property  offered,  or  that  we  permit  every  person  to  go  to 
Pacific  Colony  who  wishes  to  go.  Some  properties  we 
would  not  have  for  a  gift ;  and  there  are  persons  whom  we 
would  not  allow  upon  our  grounds  even  if  they  came  there 
and  had  "  money "  to  spare.  The  Credit  Foncier  will 
have,  perhaps,  a  management  with  as  much  brains  as  other 
corporations,  even  if  it  is  to  have  a  heart,  which  other  cor- 
porations are  supposed  to  have  no  use  for.  It  will  use 
business  tact  in  selecting  from  persons  and  properties 
offered. 


SUPPLEMENT.  !  CQ 

Persons  going  out  at  the  company's  expense,  must  have 
some  trade  or  calling  which  the  colonists  stand  particularly 
in  need  of  at  the  time,  or  it  would  not  be  business  to  take 
the  risk  and  expense.  The  idea  was  to  provide  ways  and 
means  to  assist  worthy  persons  whom  we  had  need  of,  and 
who  could  not  move  without  assistance. 

The  "  reality  "  is  to  be  appraised  by  an  agent,  and  one- 
third  of  the  price  is  all  we  advance  at  most ;  and,  in 
"money,"  only  sufficient  to  pay  the  person's  transportation 
and  meals  en  route  to  the  Colony.  The  remainder  of  the 
one-third  would  be  paid  in  credits  of  the  colony.  Look  at 
this  studiously  again  and  see  if  the  suggestions  of  Mr. 
Rowland  can  not  be  made  useful  to  others  and  to  our- 
selves. 

The  action  taken  by  Mexico  in  regard  to  subsidies  will 
retard  railroad  enterprises  in  that  country.  The  times, 
however,  are  auspicious  for  putting  in  practice  the  Credit 
Foncier  of  Sinaloa,  and  we  hope  to  organize  during 
August,  and  to  go  out  with  our  pioneers  in  October.  We 
are  working  to  accomplish  this.  We  may  not  do  so  much 
as  soon,  but  be  assured  that  the  enterprise  will  go  quietly 
forward  to  the  end  and  for  the  purposes  we  have  expressed. 
The  sufferings  of  our  people  call  for  relief — for  a  radical 
change  from  existing  governments  and  customs,  whatever 
and  wherever  they  may  be, — -and  the  daily  crimes  and  the 
bankruptcies  of  these  times  are  driving  the  thinking  men 
and  women  into  organizations.  These  organizations  will 
broaden  more  and  more  into  such  scope  and  centralization 
as  we  have  suggested.  Work,  patience,  and  time,  are 
great  factors  for  true  progress.  Let  us  take  advantage  of 
them  all. 

A.  K.  OWEN. 


x6o  SUPPLEMENT. 

Letter  from  Mr.  A.  K.  Owen  : 

In  a  serio-comic  letter,  July  27,  '85  by  "  No  Name  "— * 
perhaps  a  child  of  Wiikie  Collins  not  yet  recognized- 
there  are  six  questions  referred  to  me  by  "  our  Editors  H 
and  here  are  the  answers.  No.  i.  The  100  pioneers  may 
become  mostly  Directors  and  instructors  because  it  will 
be  necessary  to  organize  the  ten  Departments  on  the 
colony  site.  A  maker  of  good  shoes  is  the  best  person  to 
give  directions  in  that  branch  of  production,  and  a  mason, 
bricklayer,  carpenter  and  farmer  will  represent  his  respec- 
tive calling  better  than  a  college  graduate  would  be  likely 
to  do.  We  are  not  civil  service  reformers.  We  do  not 
think  because  a  man  knows  where  Hawaii  is  and  can  de- 
scribe the  "  Asses'  Bridge  "  that  he  is  necessarily  a  better 
citizen  and  more  capable  to  direct  in  affairs  in  which  he 
has  had  no  practical  training.  Masters  of  useful  produc- 
tion will  therefore,  it  is  expected,  be  largely  in  the  control 
of  our  colony  affairs.  In  this  way  we  will  try  and  keep 
square  men  out  of  round  holes  and  round  men  out  of  square 
holes,  and  not  have  every  one  pulling  against  tide  and  time 
because  forced,  against  natural  inclinations,  into  wrong 
callings.  It  is  one  of  the  sad  sights  of  our  go-as-you-please 
muddle,  called  "  civilization,"  to  see  men  and  women,  girls 
and  boys  ever  upon  a  severe  strain  because  they  are  not 
suited  for  their  places  nor  their  places  for  them.  The 
way  for  "  No  Name  "  to  become  a  Director  is  to  master 
some  useful  calling  and  go  out  with  the  pioneers.  His 
modesty  will  do  the  rest. 

No.  2.  We  propose  to  "  privilege  woman  "  by  giving 
her  every  right  we  men  ask  for  ourselves,  and  two  more — 
we  give  her  the  privilege  of  the  doubt  and  the  right  to  pro- 
tection in  cases  of  man  vs.  woman.  We  propose  to  do  more 
than  this.  Women  are  the  best  accountants  and  treasurers- 
They  are  nearer  exact  in  details  and  they  never  steal 


SUPPLEMENT.  X6X 

money.  The  secret  of  the  success  of  many  leading  firms  in 
our  larger  cities  is,  that  they  have  recognized  this  fact  and 
advanced  woman  to  the  position  of  cashier,  book-keeper, 
and  private  secretary.  Again,  women  make  the  best  sales- 
men— misnomer  as  it  sounds.  These  occupations  are  in- 
door, free  from  danger,  cleanly,  mental,  and  if  not  con- 
fined over  four  hours  each  day,  and  under  systematized 
management,  these  occupations  would  be  wholesome  and 
invigorating.  This  will  be  ample  for  the  most  pressing 
business  of  exchanges  ;  if  not,  then  we  should  have  reliefs. 
We  suggest  that  this  class  of  employments  be  reserved 
exclusively  for  women.  Labor,  invention,  the  field,  the 
shop,  belong  strictly  to  the  men  ;  and  the  "  middlemen,'1 
or  handlers  of  the  articles  produced,  the  moneys  and  the 
accounts,  should  be  women.  There  would  never  be  bank- 
rupt estates  and  a  "  Canadian  Colony  "  under  such  safe- 
guards. 

No.  3.  The  CREDIT  FONCIER  of  SINALOA  is  to  be  our 
nation.  It  is  to  be  a  corporation,  but  no  charter  or  privi- 
lege is  to  be  granted  to  any  person  or  persons  within  it. 
We  are  to  take  no  part  in  outside  elections,  state  or  federal. 
Outside  affairs  and  doings  are  to  be  commented  upon  for 
our  own  instruction,  but  in  wars  and  strifes  we  are  to  be 
strictly  like  San  Marino,  Andorra  and  Salt  Lake  City.  We 
have  our  own  autonomy,  subject,  however,  as  a  corpora- 
tion, to  Mexico.  Our  mission  is  "  peace  on  earth  and  good 
will  to  mankind."  We  show  our  distrust  of  governments 
as  now  constituted  by  retiring  from  them  to  ourselves 
under  the  general  laws  of  civilization.  We  will  fulfil  our 
part  of  the  contract.  We  exact  justice  from  them  in  re- 
turn: nothing  more,  nothing  less.  As  between  ourselves, 
we  will  be  members  of  one  firm,  all  struggling  to  advance  the 
interest  of  the  corporation  ;  but  as  between  outside  persons 
and  communities  we  are  competitive  and  will  struggle  for 
recognition  of  our  products  and  institutions — pride  will 


!62  SUPPLEMENT. 

develope  in  each  step  toward  superiority  in  manufacture, 

growth,    invention    and    discovery.       In    all    constructive 

&  * 

measures  we  wish  to  rival  others.  In  destructive  acts  we 
desire  to  take  no  part. 

No.  4.  We  have  said  that  the  pioneers  should  be 
strong  physically  and  have  an  inward  conviction  of  duty  ; 
and  that  until  we  get  established,  persons  should  be  select- 
ed with  discrimination  for  their  trades  and  capabilities  for 
the  works,  exposures  and  trials  to  be  met.  All  persons  20 
years  of  age  or  more,  to  remain  in  Pacific  Colony,  must 
become  stockholders.  Visitors  would  not  want  to  go  out 
.  at  first.  When  the  hotels  of  the  corporation  are  made 
comfortable,  persons  wishing  to  come  for  their  health  and 
to  visit  will  be  encouraged  to  do  so. 

No.  5.  Had  "  No-name  "  been  raised  in  Pacific  Colony 
he  and  his  "  girl  "  would  have  been  given  "  credits,"  and 
each  would  have  had  steady  employment  and  remunerative 
incomes.  The  CREDIT  FONCIER  can  not  be  held  to  account 
for  the  fact  that  "  No-name  "  has  passed  30  years  on  the 
road  of  time  and  that  his  "  girl  "  will  not  have  him  until 
he  is  worth  a  "  million  dollars."  If  it  is  any  consolation 
we  can  assure  him  that  we  have  met  "  millionnaires  "  lately 
who  had  not  25  dollars  to  their  credit.  We  must  positively 
refuse  to  tax  the  girls,  for  we  have  already  said  that  where 
there  is  a  doubt,  we  decide  against  the  man.  "  No-name  " 
has  discovered  to  us  that  he  is  a  man  by  saying  "my  girl," 
etc.  The  tax  for  bachelors  will  be  fixed  by  the  Directors 
to  which  body,  perhaps,  "  No-name  "  will  belong. 

No.  6.  In  regard  to  invention  by  colonists,  we  suggest 
that  the  corporation  advance  money  to  perfect  models  and 
take  out  papers  and  that  it  receives  one  half  interest  in 
the  patent  rights.  This  may  not  be  equity  in  the  case,  and 
therefore  we  refer  the  case  to  the  Directors  for  their  study 
and  decision. 


SUPPLEMENT.  ,5^ 

A.  K.  Owen  writes  the  following  answer  to  J.  H.  Herms, 
of  Neosho,  Mo.  : — 

James  Campbell's  report  published  in  Credit  Foncier, 
No.  8,  will  give  you  information  concerning  the  railroad 
and  its  progress  from  Topolobampo  bay  eastward. 

The  cattle  of  Sinaloa  are  good  conditioned  and  cheap 
($6  to  $12  for  a  two-yearling  we  have  paid).  They  do  not 
exist  in  sufficient  quantity  to  encourage  your  idea  at  once. 
We  can  raise  them,  but  that  requires  time.  Mexicans  do 
not  have  much  surplus  in  anything.  They  live  on  a  small 
variety  of  vegetables  and  meats.  The  people  of  Sinaloa 
plant,  sow,  and  raise  only  sufficient  to  meet  local  demands. 
The  few  who  plant,  raise  or  make,  find  a  ready  sale.  The 
buyer  comes  to  the  producer.  There  would  be  the  buyers 
for  about  100,000  Mexicans,  with  their  little  jackasses,  to 
crowd  into  our  colony  to  buy  from  us  as  soon  as  we  had 
anything  in  their  line.  Mexicans  will  buy  almost  anything 
they  see. 

The  canning  of  fish,  oysters,  vegetables  and  fruits  for 
the  mining  camps  and  the  people  living  on  the  plateaux 
eastward,  would  assume  giant  proportions  with  us; 
and  the  fish  and  oyster*  canning  could  begin  at  once. 
Mexico  has  a  duty  of  about  50  cents  upon  every  can  of 
meat,  fish  and  vegetables  shipped  into  her  states.  This 
would  give  us  protection  from  the  older  industries  of  this 
class.  Add  this  to  the  fact  that  mining  camps,  which  are 
counted  by  thousands,  have  to  ship  everything  they  cut 
from  the  coast  and  plateaux.  This  business  alone  would 
make  "  Pacific  Colony "  rich  if  properly  conducted.  It 

*  The  oyster  packing  industry  in  Baltimore  now  occupies  sixty-five 
firms.  The  largest  raw  house  in  the  city  opens  eleven  thousand  per 
day.  The  aggregate  product  of  all  the  packers  is  $14,000,000  per 
year.  From  twenty  to  twenty-five  thousand  men  and  women  arc  cm- 
ployed  in  shucking  ;  the  woman  are  said  to  be  very  expert  and  earn 
from  two  to  three  dollars  per  day. 


1 64  SUPPLEMENT. 

should  be  put  upon  a  large  comprehensive  business  plan. 
Once  in  a  year  an  acre  of  good  land,  carefully  tilled, 
produces  a  ton  of  corn,  or  two  or  three  hundredweights  of 
meat  or  cheese.  The  same  area  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea 
in  the  best  fishing  grounds,  yields  a  greater  weight  of  food 
to  the  persevering  fishing  man  every  week.  By  the  latest 
estimation  the  fisheries  of  Great  Britain  are  rated  as  worth 
$50,000,000  annually  ;  the  United  States,  second  in  the 
world,  at  $43,000,000.;  and  Russia,  third,  at  $26,250,000. 
Mexico  has  no  fisheries  organized.  The  bay  of  Topolo- 
bampo  and  the  waters  of  the  gulf  of  California  are  alive 
with  the  best  fish,  turtle  and  shells  to  be  found  anywhere. 
We  invite  correspondence  upon  this  business  from  persons 
who  are  experienced  in  canning  fish,  etc. 

I  recommend  also  that  we  inaugurate  a  farm  for  raising 
chickens,  ducks,  rabbits,  turkeys,  etc.,  and  can  them  for 
the  mountain  dwellers,  for  ship  stores,  and  for  the  market 
of  Lower  California.  Sheep  and  goats  can  be  raised  with 
great  profit.  We  want  the  wool  for  our  woolens,  and  the 
goats  can  give  us  hides,  meat  for  packing  (sun-cured),  and 
tallow  for  soap.  Their  bones  and  hoofs  can  be  made  into 
glue,  etc.  Another  business  will  be  raising  bees  and 
producing  honey,  The  flowers  are  abundant,  and  this 
would  pay  from  the  start. 

In  an* article  I  enclose,  and  which  I  trust  will  be  printed, 
you  will  see  what  a  Californian  thinks  of  our  advantages 
for  fruit.* 

As  all  these  branches  of  industry  will  be  inaugurated 
and  directed  by  experienced  persons  thoroughly  organized, 

*The  experiment  that  was  tried  by  California  fruit-growers  two 
years  ago  in  the  shipment  of  apples  to  China  and  Australia  has  pro- 
duced results  most  favorable.  The  shipments  were,  of  good  quality, 
and  took  so  well  that  orders  were  repeated  and  increased,  and  the 
exports  to  China  in  the  past  six  months  (1885)  have  assumed  large 
proportions. 


SUPPLEMENT.  ,65 

there  will  he   an   increase    and  profit  which  will  astonish 
even  those  who  have  given  the  subject  thought  and  study. 
Vessels  from  Sinaloa  can  reach  China  and  Australia  in 
quicker  time  than  they  can  from  California 

Editors  CREDIT  FONCIER. 

Soon  after  Mr.  James  Campbell's  return  from  Sinaloa  I 
had  the  pleasure  of  an  interview  with  him  and  fully  discus- 
sed the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  that  State  as  a 
site  for  the  proposed  Pacific  Colony.  Mr.  Campbell  is  evi- 
dently a  man  of  wide  experience  in  business  and  travel 
and  practical  in  his  ideas  of  business  undertakings.  II? 
explores  to  learn,  and  nothing  of  value  escapes  his  keen 
absorbing  eye.  Fully  endorsing  all  that  our  leader,  Albert 
Owen,  has  said  in  reference  to  this  country,  the  impression 
left  upon  myself,  and  others  with  me  at  the  time,  was  very 
satisfactory  indeed.  Since  the  interview  wkh  Mr.  Camp- 
bell, I  was  conversing  with  an  old  acquaintance,  Mr.  O.  F. 
Burton  of  Brooklyn,  and  was  surprised  to  learn  that  he 
had  traveled  extensively  along  the  coast  and  in  the  interior 
of  Sinaloa  and  adjoining  States.  Mr.  Burton  is  also  a 
thoroughly  practical  man  and  of  much  experience,  holding 
a  very  responsible  position  in  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad  Co.  Mr.  Burton  also  verifies  all  that  Albert  Owen 
has  said,  as  well  as  Mr.  Campbell's  statement  in  reference 
to  that  country,  so  far  as  the  soil,  water,  climate,  timber, 
varied  products,  peculiar  customs  of  the  natives,  &c,  &c. 
are  concerned.  "  If  that  State  of  Sinaloa,"  said  Mr.  Burton 
earnestly,  "with  all  its  natural  advantages  was  under  stable 
government,  it  would,  in  a  quarter  of  a  century,  have  a 
dense,  live,  progressive  population,  that  would  make  it  one 
of  the  richest  and  most  beautiful  spots  in  the  whole  world. 
If  a  colony  of  Americans  should  locate  at  or  near  Topolo* 
bampo  Bay  they  should  go  organized  for  industry  There 
is  nothing  to  hinder  the  success  of  such  a  colony  as  is  pro- 


j  66  SUPPLEMENT. 

posed,  if  adopting  the  principles  of  the  National  Greenback 
party — unless  it  is  the  existing  weak  government.  If  very 
warm  at  mid-day  in  Sinaloa  the  nights  are  always  cool.  I 
traveled  over  the  plain,  where  there  is  no  water  except  an 
occasional  well,  along  the  Fuerte  and  other  rivers,  where 
the  water  is  fine,  in  the  mountains,  among  the  mines,  which 
are  certainly  rich,  through  timber  of  great  variety  and  value, 
living  among  the  natives  mostly,  losing  very  little  time 
because  of  the  weather,  and  though  going  well  armed,  I 
never  had  need  of  arms  for  self-protection.  Though  the 
natives  have  use  for  but  little  money,  they  know  the  value 
of  that  *  little '  and  as  in  other  countries,  there  are  some 
who  would  not  scruple  as  to  the  means  of  getting  it.  But 
as  a  whole,  the  natives  seemed  to  be  honest  and  faithful. 
They  do  not  give  much  time  to  productive  industry  from 
the  evident  fact  that  nature  supplies  a  large  part  of  their 
food  ;  and  clothing  is  almost  superfluous,  except  bed 
covers  at  night  in  the  cool  breezes,  so  delightful  to  the 
sleeper.  Most  excellent  water  is  found  in  wells  on  the 
plain?,  by  going  30  to  40  feet  deep,  into  a  gravel  forma- 
tion. The  plains,  though  wonderfully  rich,  from  so  many 
years  vegetable  decay,  require  irrigation  to  make  the  soil 
produce  as  Americans  would  naturally  desire  ;  but  "  there 
is  plenty  of  water  within  reach  of  this  purpose.  In  fact," 
said  Mr.  Burton,  "  there  is  almost  no  limit  to  the  means 
of  wealth  and  comfort  in  Sinaloa,  if  good  government  could 
be  established." 

This  is  but  a  very  brief  report  of  what  Mr.  Burton  said 
of  that  country,  and  its  many  peculiarities  ;  but  your  space 
forbids  repeating  more.  The  impression  left  upon  my 
mind  was  most  pleasing  in  view  of  future  possibilities. 
Seemingly,  all  that  is  required  to  insure  the  fullest  measure 
of  success,  is  money  to  secure  the  land,  a  carefully  devised 
system,  a  goodly  number  of  men  and  women  of  undoubted 
and  undeviating  integrity  and  devotion  to  the  underlying 


SUPPLEMENT. 


principles  as  set  forth  by  Albert  Owen  ;  confidence  in  each 
other,  and  especially  in  those  who  may  be  chosen  to  direct 
the  great  work. 

E.  O.  BALL. 
245  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


THE  SIN  OF  DRUDGERY. 

In  the  letter  of  Mr.  Prindle  in  our  last  issue  he  says  : — 
"  Don't  go  back  on  eight  hours."  We  mean  to  go  back  on 
eight  hours — back  to  six  hours  in  fact,  and  hope  when  we 
get  over  the  hurry  of  the  first  pressing  work  in  Sinaloa — a 
roof  over  our  heads  and  water  secured,  that  no  colonist  will 
ever  have  to  do  more  than  six  hours  of  any  really  hard 
work  in  one  day.  Unless  we  so  organize  our  life  that  we 
can  have  time  for  reunion,  conversation,  reading,  study, 
scientific  lectures,  and  music,  we  shall  surely  retrograde. 
Labor  ennobles,  drudgery  degrades.  We  ought  to  put  these 
words  on  the  doors  of  our  factories  and  workshops.  In 
our  new  home  we  shall  have  our  children  away  from  the  be- 
littling influences  of  conventional  time-wasting  follies  and 
we  can  the  more  easily  train  them  to  a  love  of  nobler 
things  and  especially  to  the  love  of  useful  labor.  More- 
over we  shall  organize  "  attractive  industry  :  "  make  all 
our  workshops  and  factories,  airy,  healthy,  cleanly  places 
where  labor  will  be  a  delight  instead  of  a  torture.  High 
speed  which  so  increased  dust  and  dirt,  we  shall  not  need 
to  encourage,  since  we  will  not  compete  in  quantity  so 
much  as  in  quality,  and  as  we  shall  be  our  own  consumers 
largely,  we  will  make  enduring  fabrics  and  connections, 
and  so  gain  the  more  time  for  study,  and  social  intercourse. 
Moreover,  as  we  shall  dispense  with  the  cost  of  money 
(interest),  profits  upon  our  raw  materials,  profits  to  the 
commission  merchants,  etc,  we  can  create  more  wealth  tor 


j68  SUPPLEMENT. 

our  association  working  six  hours  a  day,  than  under  th« 
present  competitive  system  working  eighteen. 

"  Attractive  Industry,"  one  of  the  great  landmarks  of 
Charles  Fourier's  system,  appears  to  many  people  like  an 
idle  dream.  Let  all  such  begin  at  once  to  think  and  read 
upon  this  subject.  There  is  none  of  more  vital  importance. 
Just  as  certain  as  we  inaugurate  in  Sinaloa,  the  long  hours, 
the  confined,  dirty,  greasy  hurry-scurry,  close  workshops, 
and  factories  of  the  present  age,  our  young  people  will 
avoid  them,  just  as  they  do  the  tedious  farm  work  of  to- 
day which  is  even  more  trying  to  body  and  soul  than  the 
factories,  and  moreover  more  isolated.  The  young  want, 
and  must  have,  the  constant  communication  with  their 
peers. 

It  has  always  been  a  sore  trouble  to  multitudes  of  honest 
people,  as  I  have  elsewhere  said,  that  when  they  have  made 
heroic  struggles  to  give  their  children  something  more  than 
the  common  district  school  education,  denied  themselves 
many  comforts  to  send  them  to  seminaries  and  colleges, 
that  they  have  come  home  "  too  proud  to  work,"  as  the 
saying  is,  or  seeming  to  despise  the  humble  social  state  of 
their  parents.  In  monarchical  countries  there  is,  in  such 
cases,  little  sympathy  for  the  parents ;  on  the  contrary  they 
hear  rebukes  on  all  sides  for  educating  their  children 
"above  their  station "  in  life!  Now  it  is  not  true  that 
young  people  respect  labor  less  when  highly  educated  ; 
it  is  that  they  despise  drudgery  more,  and  in  this  we  see 
the  sign  of  promise.  It  is  by  educating  the  people  above 
the  condition  of  wages  slaves  that  they  will  grow  to  com. 
prehend  the  worth  and  the  dignity  of  labor ;  and  when  this 
comprehension  becomes  common  to  the  people,  industry 
everywhere  will  be  organized  in  the  interests  of  the  real 
workers,  and  then  poverty  and  moral  degradation  will  re- 
ceive a  death-blow. 

Labor,  scientfically  organized,  will  permit  no  drudgery; 


SUPPLEMENT.  ,69 

since  to  preserve  in  high  tone  the  mind  and  body  of  the 
producers,  will  be  everywhere  recognized,  not  only  as 
common  duty,  but  the  best  policy  as  well.  The  principle 
will  be  everywhere  held  sacred  that  all  labor  is  drudgery 
when  continued  to  the  point  of  weariness,  and  that  no 
labor  whatever  its  character,  can  be  degrading,  so  long  as 
it  is  continued  but  a  short  time  each  day,  proportioned  to 
its  general  repulsiveness.  It  will  not  injure  the  finest  man, 
the  noblest  scholar  and  gentleman,  to  work,  say  an  hour 
every  day  at  the  least  agreeable  work  for  the  common 
good ;  while  the  noblest  kind  of  toil  if  continued  many 
hours,  day  after  day,  will  degrade  the  being  physically, 
morally  and  mentally.  The  duty  nearest  at  hand  for  labor 
reformers  in  every  country,  is  to  lessen  the  hours  constitu- 
ting the  "  day's  work."  Agitation  of  this  subject  should 
never  cease.  It  is  of  the  highest  political  importance  at 
this  moment. 

I  know  it  is  trying  to  the  poor  farmer,  for  example,  who 
is  wearing  out  body  and  soul  working  eighteen  hours  a 
day  and  growing  poorer  all  the  time,  perhaps,  to  be  told 
by  an  "  upstart "  Knight  of  Labor,  for  example,  that  he 
must  have  full  wages  for  a  short  day's  work.  These  are 
the  trials  incident  to  every  step  of  progress.  The  sewing 
machine — every  labor  saving  machine  ever  introduced,  has 
injured  some  people  temporarily  at  least ;  but  the  greater 
good  must  always  triumph.  It  is  for  the  good  of  mankind 
that  we  shorten  the  "  day's  work  "  at  least  until  we  can 
make  labor  delightful  or  "  attractive,"  when  the  number 
of  hours  one  works  will  not  be  of  so  much  moment. 

Yes,  we  have  long  been  taught  the  sin  of  idleness.  It 
is  time  now  that  we  inculcate  the  sin  of  drudgery ;  and  in 
order  to  give  our  children  a  wholesome  disgust  of  drudg- 
ery we  have  only  to  educate  them  "  above  their  station." 
This  is  the  only  true  way  we  can  reach  the  true  under- 
standing of  the  grandeur  of  productive  labor,  and  despite 


170 


SUPPLEMENT. 


all  the  evils  which  now  surround  us — the  struggle  for  powet 
through  money  gained  even  at  the  expense  of  honor  and 
self-respect,  and  all  the  misery  thereby  entailed — there  are 
signs  everywhere  of  the  dawn  of  a  great  revolution  in  poli- 
tics and  in  industry.  The  most  significant  of  these  signs 
is  the  growth  of  the  Democratic  Idea.  Great  minds  have 
discoursed  upon  democracy  since  the  dawn  of  history ;  but 
not  until  the  present  century  has  the  scope  and  meaning 
of  the  term  been  understood.  A  real  democratic  govern 
ment  has  never  existed.  A  minority  of  the  people  has  al- 
ways controled  legislation  for  its  own  aggrandizement  at 
the  expense  of  the  majority,  because  the  majority,  working 
like  slaves,  were  too  ignorant  of  the  simple  principles  of  po- 
litical economy.  This  ignorance  is  the  shame  of  every  man 
and  woman  dwelling  in  even  a  sham  republic  like  this, 
where  one  half  of  the  adult  citizens  have  been  disfran- 
chised. To  be  disfranchised  is  to  be  legally  a  slave  ;  and 
wherever  slaves  by  any  name  exist,  there  will  drudgery 
be  relegated  to  them  and  their  children  as  "  hewers  of 
wood  and  drawers  of  water,"  while  the  non-producing  enjoy 
the  fruits  of  their  toil  and  dole  charity  to  them  in  affection, 
but  only  to  those  who  know  their  "  place."  In  the  com- 
ing Republic,  the  foundations  of  which  it  is  our  hope  and 
will  be  our  glory  to  lay  on  the  Pacific  coast,  it  will  not  be 
possible  for  any  to  live  without  honest,  productive  labor  ; 
labor  that  we  acknowledge  as  increasing  the  material  or 
the  spiritual  wealth  of  the  colony ;  and  the  possession  of 
luxurious  surroundings  will  be  simply  the  proof  of  superior 
skill  in  productive  industry,  or  of  valuable  service  of  some 
kind  rendered  to  the  commonwealth.  MARIE  ROWLAND. 

SUMMIT  POINT,  WEST  VA.,  July  2ist,  1885, 
MR.  A.  K.  OWEN  : 

DEAR  OWEN, — I  duly  received  yours  of  the  2ist  ultimo  ; 
but  with  several  unavoidable  excursions  from  home  ;  and 


SUPPLEMENT.  !7, 

when  at  home  visiting  friends  ;  it  has  been  out  of  my 
power  to  answer  sooner. 

You  wish  my  views  of  "  the  practical  Christianity  of 
Christ,  and  of  its  inwardness  and  similarity  with  the  best 
Socialism  of  our  day." 

Whilst  He  proclaimed  that  "  His  kingdom  was  not  of 
this  world/'  His  words,  and  doctrines,  and  actions,  while 
on  earth,  were  peace  and  good  will  to  men — to  all  men 
and  not  to  a  few — and,  in  that  respect,  I  think,  the  "  best 
Socialism  of  our  day  "  is  in  full  accord  with  His  teachings 
and  practical  life. 

The  "  best  Socialism  of  our  day  "  abhors  and  eschews 
both  force  and  guile,  and  appeals  to  the  reason  of  men ; 
and,  in  this,  our  "  best  Socialism/'  as,  also,  "  our  declara- 
tion of  rights  "  may  be  well  regarded  as  following  in  the 
footsteps  of  the  Divine  teacher,  and,  also,  in  the  early 
teachings  and  principles  of  the  Church.  However  imper- 
fect its  first  association  was,  and  inadequate  to  carry  into 
practice  and  success  those  principles  and  teachings, 
nevertheless,  still  survive,  and,  in  my  opinion,  can,  and 
will  be  brought  into  successful  application  for  the  benefit 
of  men,  by  the  better  organized  associations  of  our  day, 
notwithstanding  the  foreboding  prophecies  of  the  Rev. 
Heber  Newton  in  his  "All  Souls'  Memorial "  sermon  on 
Communism. 

However,  before  commenting  on  the  views,  opinions, 
tone  and  spirit  of  Mr.  Newton's  sermon,  I  will  answer  your 
query,  as  above  quoted,  in  regard  "  to  the  practical  Chris- 
tianity of  Christ,  and  its  inwardness  and  similarity  with 
the  best  socialism  of  our  day."  The  doctrines,  precepts, 
and  principles  of  Christ,  as  exemplified  in  the  works  and 
actions  of  his  life,  embraced  the  temporal  and  physical,  as 
well  as  the  moral  and  spiritual  well-being  of  men  here 
and  hereafter.  If  you  will  read  his  "Sermon  on  the 
Mount."  as  found  in  the  5th,  6th  and  yth  chapters  of  Mat- 


172 


SUPPLEMENT. 


thew,  you  will  not  be  surprised  at  the  attempt  of  Peter, 
and  his  disciples,  to  embody,  and  apply  those  principles, 
practices,  and  teachings  in  the  communism  they  .nstituted. 
Jt  proved  a  failure.  But  this  should  be  no  discourage- 
ment to  the  future  efforts  of  men  to  better  their  condition  ; 
or  to  continue  their  experiments,  until  better  methods  of 
civilization  are  secured  than  any  that  have  yet  existed  in 
the  history  of  our  race.  All  the  tried  systems  of  govern- 
ment heretofore ;  and  up  to  our  government  and  times  ; 
have  failed  to  secure  the  liberty,  peace  and  happiness  of 
mankind  !  "  Peter  and  his  disciples,"  and  4t  the  Essenes  " 
and  •'  the  Shakers  "  are  not  alone  in  their  failures.  They  are 
only  part  and  parcel  of  the  ^  grand  crowd  "  of  the  unsuc- 
cessful !  Aristotle,  in  his  treatise  on  governments,  has 
named  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  forms  and  varieties 
of  governments  essayed  by  man.  They  all  proved  failures  ; 
and  among  them  our  own  form  (which  we  vainly  think 
something  new)  failed  in  the  times  of  the  past ;  as  it  has 
already  failed  in  the  experiment  of  a  century  by  ourselves. 
The  principles,  and  teachings,  of  that  4i  Sermon  on  the 
Mount "  are  as  capable,  in  my  judgment,  of  being  harness- 
ed up  in  mental  and  moral  organizations  and  machinery, 
and  utilized  for  the  benefit  of  mankind,  as  steam  and  elec- 
tricity have  been  in  the  realms  of  matter ;  and  that,  too, 
not  only  in  the  best  associations  of  modern  Socialism  on 
a  circumscribed  scale,  and  partial  experiment ;  but  in  sys- 
tems of  government  up  to,  and  coextensive  with  the 
broadest  nationality.  I  can  imagine  no  reason  why  im- 
provements in  governments,  and  associations  of  men, 
should  lag  behind  the  applications  of  science  in  the  ma- 
terial universe ;  and,  for  that  reason,  I  am  in  full  sympathy 
with  those  who  are  experimenting  in  the  line  of  the 
Essenes — *f  Mr.  Newton  will  have  it  so — and  of  the  Early 
Christians,  and  of  the  Shakers,  too,  who  came  after  them? 
and  especially  with  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinalpa,  which 


SUPPLEMENT.  ,7j 

I  hope  and  believe  will  succeed,  and  carry  out  what  their 
forerunners,  and  pioneers  in  a  rude  way  were  hunting  for, 
to  wit,  a  rational  mode  of  "  co-operation  "  which  I  hope 
will,  forever,  exterminate  the  destructive  and  diabolical 
principle  of  "competition."  And  whose  motto — by  whom 
devised  I  know  not ;  for  it  is  the  essence,  and  quintes- 
sence of  "the  principle  "  itself,  or  of  the  devil ;  and  a  pull 
Dick,  pull  devil,  between  the  twain— is: 

"  If  you'd  be  rich  you  son-of-a ; 

You  must  paddle  your  own  canoe, 
And  cheat  your  neighbor,  if  you  can, 
He  'ill  do  the  same  by  you."  * 

Such  a  motto  is  a  fit  emblem  of  this  principle  it  preaches 
It  is  frank,  and  candid,  it  avows  the  principle  and  gloats 
over  it ;  the  "  veiled  prophet  withdraws  his  mask  and, 
"competition"  rolls  the  ruin  of  humanity  as  a  "sweet 
morsel "  under  his  accursed  tongue,  until  the  foam  of  the 
"  mad*  dog  "  gathers  around  his  gaping,  hideous,  and  re- 
morseless jaws,  and  trickles  down  in  venomous  poison 
that  would  pollute  the  Earth  were  it  Eden. 

Now  what  says  Mr.  Newton  ?  In  different  language, 
style,  and  spirit,  he  champions  the  same  horrid  principle 
that  has  annihilated  every  association  and  government 
heretofore  on  the  earth.  Beginning  with  a  " pofitico-frin- 
cipii  " — a  begging  proem — he  proceeds  :  "  Is  the  dream  of 
the  Christian  spirit  after  brotherhood  practicable  ?  Com- 
munism, as  we  have  it  presented  to  us  to-day,  will  not 
work  in  our  present  state  of  development.  If  it  could  be 

*  "  When  I  cum  to  New  York,"  said  a  countryman,  "  I  a'.lers  go 
round  holdin'  on  to  my  pocketbook  like  grim  death.  You  can't  tell 
what  minute  some  felier  may  rob  you.  This  city  is  full  of  thieves." 

"  Do  you  carry  much  money  with  you  ?  " 

"  I've  got  about  $200  now.  I  sold  an  old  hoss  this  mornin*  that  I 
slicked  up  fer  $200  that  wasn't  wuth  $75.  I  see  in  a  minute  that  th* 
feller  I  sold  him  to  didn't  know  nuthin'  'bout  bosses." 


i  ;  4  SUPPLEMENT. 

realized  it  would  simply  prove  the  arrest  of  civilization. 
Our  American  communistic  societies  are  the  demonstration 
of  this  fact,"  etc.  And  then,  instead  of  instancing  some 
of  these  "  American  communisms  "  of  the  best  class,  and 
promise  of  success,  and  usefulness  to  men,  and  reasoning 
fairly  from  their  organizations,  facts,  and  principles,  to 
demonstrate  in  what  way  "  their  economic  prosperity  and 
moral  welfare  are  bought  at  a  ruinous  cost  of  intellectual 
life,'?  he  continues  his  unreasoning,  authoritative,  "  ex-cathe- 
dra "  assertions  in  favor  of  the  present  "  competitive  sys- 
tem," and  in  fact,  winds  up  his  paragraph  I  quote  from, 
by  announcing,  in  different  words  and  language  only,  the 
abominable  creed  and  sentiments  of  the  doggerel  motto  I 
used  above  to  illustrate  their  true  inwardness  and  result- 
ing enormities.  He  goes  further:  He  dogmatically  as- 
serts that  such  are  God's  methods  "  to  push  men  forward 
to  build  up  the  wealth  that  is  needed  as  the  basis  of  civili- 
zation ! "  Mark  you  the  words,  "  the  wealth  that  is 
needed  !  "  Have  not  these  words  the  ring — the  very  ring 
— of  the  primal  Idolaters  who  postponed  God,  and  brought 
the  "golden  calf"  to  the  front;  and,  with  Aaron  to  back 
them  :  "  These  be  thy  Gods,  O  Israel,  which  have  brought 
thee  up  out  of  the  land  of  Egypt !  "  Surely  Burns  was 
right  : 

E'en  ministers,  they  hae  been  kenned 

In  holy  rapture, 
A  rousin'  whid  at  times  to  vend 

And  nail't  wi'  Scripture. 

But  let  me  quote  his  paragraph  to  the  end.  He  con- 
tinues :  "  The  spur  of  necessity,  the  goad  of  hunger,  the 
pressure  of  poverty,  the  unholy  fires  of  emulation,  the 
savage  strife  of  competition^  these  forces  of  the  natural  man 
are  being  used  under  the  hand  of  Providence  to  push  men 
forward  to  build  up  the  wealth  that  is  needed  as  the  basis 


SUPPLEMENT.  !  7  5 

of  civilization,  to  develop  the  mental  life  of  humanity,  to 
sharpen,  to  quicken  all  our  human  powers,  to  train  the 
will,  to  exercise  the  conscience,  to  evolve  the  free  individ- 
uality which  is  the  essence  of  character.  This  may  re- 
quire ages  for  its  realization.  No  sane  man  seriously 
proposes  it  for  to-day/' 

Now,  the  long  and  short  of  this  quoted  paragraph  of 
Mr.  Newton — and  in  a  sermon — represents  an  all  wise, 
all  powerful,  all  good  and  benevolent  God,  as  driven  to 
the  principles  of  Hell  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of 
Heaven ;  and,  informs  us  at  the  same  time,  that  while  His 
process  is  going  on  which  "  may  require  ages  for  its 
realization, "  we  must  grin  and  bear  it,  and  by  no  means 
use  the  divine  reason  God  has  given  us  to  better  our  con- 
dition, but  continue  to  trust  to  the  "  spur  of  necessity, 
to  the  goad  of  hunger,  the  pressure  of  poverty,  the  unholy 
fires  of  emulation,  the  savage  strife  of  competition"  to 
"  build  up  the  wealth  that  is  needed  as  the  basis  of  civili- 
zation !  "  Well  now,  England,  like  Babylon  before  her, 
has  experimented  in  these  methods  of  "  making  earth  a 
hell  to  merit  heaven/'  and,  if  Mr.  Newton  will  ponder 
well  the  revelations  of  the  "Pall  Mall  Gazette"  in  regard 
to  the  Sodom-like  bestialities  of  her  great  city  London, 
he  will  be  a  wiser  man,  and  better  qualified  to  counsel  the 
principles  and  methods  that  "  Providence  "  uses,  or  will 
use,  to  advance  the  happiness  and  civilization  of  men  in 
this  world,  as  preparatory  to  their  eternal  salvation  and 
felicity  in  another.  He  will  find — and  others  may  too — a 
reprint  of  the  workings,  and  results  of  the  principles  he 
champions  in  the  weekly  issue  of  the  New  York  Sun,  of 
the  1 5th  July,  inst.  Surely  the  principle  of  the  Bible, 
plainly  announced,  that  we  shall  "  not  do  evil  that  good 
may  come  of  it,"  should  deter  us  from  the  plan  of  civili- 
zation as  advocated  by  Mr.  Newton  ;  and  moreover  as  ami- 


176  SUPPLEMENT. 

scriptural,  if  not  impious,  to  ascribe  to  God  the  use  of  any 
such  means  to  accomplish  his  purposes. 

Mr.  Newton  is  plainly  against  Schwab,  and  his  plans, 
and  to  this — so  far  as  I  understand  them — I  do  not  object ; 
but  when  he  alludes  to  him,  and  to  his  utterances,  as  the 
standard  by  which  all  other  associations,  now  being  formed 
in  the  interests  of  humanity,  are  to  be  tested  and  con- 
demned, surely  he  cannot  expect  from  sensible  and  just 
men  any  encomiums  for  sincerity  and  candor.  He  is  not 
explicit  enough  in  his  ideas  of  association ;  and  when  he 
says  :  "  The  signs  are  that  the  natural  action  of  society  is 
leading  individualism  up  to  association/'  we  are  left  to 
infer,  as  he  advocates  "  competition,"  the  principle  of  ex- 
isting monopolies,  that  he  is  their  defender  and  advocate, 
and  thinks  them  all  sufficient  to  accomplish  the  millennium 
he  looks  for  in  future  ages,  and  cycles  of  indefinite  time. 
I  believe  in  "  equitable  co-operation, "  and  expect  no  good 
result  from  any  association  bottomed  on  his  favorite  and 
often  tried  principle. 

Yours  truly, 

JOHN  A.  THOMSON. 


SUMMIT  POINT,  West  Va.,  August  2yth  1885. 
A.  K.  OWEN. 

FRIEND  OWEN, — I  now  write  to  congratulate  you  on 
the  heart-cheering  prospects  I  think  you  may  justly 
entertain,  of  the  full  success  of  your  noble  efforts  and 
plan  for  the  benefit  of  your  fellow-men.  Both  "  efforts 
and  plan  "  are  based  on  the  eternal  principles  of  "  justice," 
and  must  in  the  end  be  crowned  with  success  :  For  it  is 
written  down  long  ago,  "  The  needy  shall  not  always  be 
forgotten,  the  expectation  of  the  poor  shall  not  perish 
forever."  Cicero,  too,  in  descanting  upon  the  pre-eminence 
of  "  justice  "  in  the  order  of  all  virtue,  has  defined  its 


SUPPLEMENT.  I77 

cardinal  functions  in  two  principles  of  action :  To  wit, 
"The  ist  function  of  justice,  is,  that  no  one  should  do 
violence  to  another,  unless  compelled  by  violence  to  him- 
self :  The  2nd  is,  that  no  one  should  use  public  things 
otherwise  than  as  public  things  ;  and  should  use  private 
things  only  as  his  own.  I  have  translated  in  the  above 
sentence,  Cicero's  doctrinal  principles  ;  applying  as  well  to 
governments,  as  to  justice  and  morality  ;  but,  as  the  origi- 
nal has  peculiar  points  and  very  distinctive  emphasis  of 
expression,  I  will  quote  for  you  his  comprehensive  princi- 
ples in  his  own  language  and  style  of  announcement. 
They  will  be  found  in  his  ist  book  "  de  officiis,"  yth 
chapter :  "  Sed  Justitiae  primum  munus  est,  ut  ne  cui 
quis  noceat,  nisi  lacessitus  injuria  :  deinde  ut  communibus 
utatur  pro  communibus,  privatis  ut  suis." 

Upon  these  two  principles,  or  "  functions "  of  justice, 
(as  the  foundation  stones)  alone  can  be  reared,  in  my 
opinion,  any  govermental  structure  that  will  be  lasting, 
and  invincible  to  the  shocks  of  time.  Person,  and 
property  ;  and  whether  held  in  common  or  jointly,  or  as  a 
private  and  individual ;  must  be  secure  to  its  owners,  or 
the  association,  whatever  its  form,  will  be  a  failure. 

I  desire  to  call  your  special  attention  to  the  2nd  propo- 
sition of  Cicero,  to  wit,  that  those  things  that  are  held 
jointly  and  in  common,  must  be  used  in  common  ;  and 
cannot,  in  justice,  be  used  in  any  other  way :  And,  that 
only  those  things,  that  are  in  the  strictest  sense  individual 
and  private,  can  be  treated  as  such  by  any  individual ;  or 
indeed,  with  any  justice  be  termed  his  own.  Now,  as 
property  in  common,  must  be  used  in  common,  and  can- 
not justly  be  appropriated  by  individuals,  or  combinations 
of  them,  it  follows  logically,  and  as  a  natural  consequence, 
that  the  common  owners  can  only  use  it  by  "  co-operation  ;  " 
and  that  nature  and  justice  equally  suggest  ami  enjoin  it. 

The  proposition,  you  will  see,  is  broad,  far-reaching  and 


1 7  8  -$  UPPLEMENT. 

comprehensive.  It  embraces  all  the  views  and  opinions 
of  the  great  party  of  which  we  are  both  members,  and 
which  we  have  for  years  concurred  in,  and  struggled  hard 
to  promote  and  establish :  J  mean  in  regard  to  the  land 
question  in  all  its  connections  ;  whether  of  seas,  rivers, 
mines,  air,  light,  electricity,  or  any  other  power  of  nature 
that  may  be  discovered,  and  applied  to  the  prosperity  and 
happiness  of  men.  No  man,  or  associations  of  men,  have 
any  more  authority  or  right  to  disinherit  a  single  indi- 
vidual of  his  birthright  in  the  bounties  of  nature,  and  of 
God,  than  they  have  to  strip  him  by  force  or  fraud,  of  the 
earnings  of  his  own  hand  and  brains,  or  to  deprive  him  of 
his  life  or  liberty.  Take  from  men  their  inalienable  rights 
in  the  bounties  of  God  and  nature,  and,  at  one  fell  swoop, 
you  have  torn  from  them  all  independence  and  autonomy. 
They  are  no  longer  the  freemen  of  God  but  the  machines 
of  men,  and  fit  only  for  the  condition  of  hireling,  wage- 
worker,  serf  or  slave  :  for  even  Shylock — however  inapplic 
able  to  his  own  case — spoke  truth  and  logic, — "  You  take* 
away  my  house,  when  you  do  take  the  prop  that  doth  sus- 
tain my  house  ;  you  take  away  my  life,  when  you  do  take 
the  means  whereby  I  live." 

And,  now,  briefly  in  regard  to  those  things  that  a,e 
public  and  general  in  their  nature  :  And  which  originate 
not  directly  from  God,  but  are  the  creations  of  men  in 
their  own  sphere  in  imitation  of  their  Creator  in  his.  God, 
in  giving  to  men  the  faculties  of  combination  and  reason, 
has  incidentally  endowed  them  with  creative  power  within 
the  limits  of  their  planet,  and  the  environments  of  their 
own  nature  and  necessities.  Men,  for  example,  have 
created  divers  forms  of  government  among  themselves  ; 
built  up  systems,  canals,  and  roads,  and  also  instituted 
money,  at  the  same  time,  as  both  were  necessary  to  their 
intercourse  and  exchanges.  Now,  things  of  this  character 
^n  only  be  done  in  conjunction  with  each  other ;  and,  as 


SUPPLEMENT.  I79 

such  things  are,  practically,  of  a  co-operative  nature,  the 
"  principle  of  co-operation  "  is  as  clearly  and  justlv  sug- 
gested in  connection  with  them,  as  with  the  bounties  of 
nature.  All  things,  created  in  common  by  men,  should  be 
used  as  common  property,  and,  as  in  the  case  of  our  postal 
system,  the  overplus  should  go  into  their  common  treasury, 
and  not  into  the  hands  of  monopolists. 

I  agree  fully  with  you  as  expressed  in  some  of  your 
publications,  that  these  principles  will  work  successfully,  in 
the  largest  organizations  of  men,  as  well  as  in  the  "  Credit 
Fonder,"  and  hail  the  day  when  the  "  competitive  prin- 
ciple "  shall  be  exploded  forever  ;  and  governments,  man- 
aged upon  the  principles  of  well  regulated,  industrial  cor- 
porations, shall  slough  off  all  superfluous  men  and  matters 
that  now  make  them  burdens  and  curses  to  their  citizens. 
In  this  government  of  ours,  instead  of  125,000  office  holders, 
with  our  principles  not  more  than  200  would  be  necessary  ; 
and  the  38  State  governments  cut  down  in  the  same  pro 
portion. 

Yours  truly, 

JOHN  A.  THOMSON. 


CHESTER,  Pa.,  August,  3ist,  1885. 
MR.  E.  J.  SHELLHOUS,  CALIFORNIA. 

DEAR  SIR, — I  have  read  your  letter  of  Aug.  i;th  care- 
fully and  thank  you  for  your  kind  words.  You  are  evident- 
ly in  earnest.  So  am  I.  Study,  work  and  time  will,  I  hope, 
bring  us  together,  either  at  Topolobampo  or  some  other 
well  selected  site  for  a  fair  trial  to  unite  farm,  factory,  com- 
merce and  equity. 

The  success  of  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  does  not 
depend  upon  myself  or  upon  any  one,  two  or  three  persons. 
It  is  the  plan  and  the  perfection  of  its  details  upon  which 
success  depends.  If  they  are  defective  then  the  organiza- 


I  So  SUPPLEMENT. 

tion  will  fail.  Man  cannot  be  depended  upon  when  not 
surrounded  by  systems  and  regulations  which  insist  that 
he  shall  do  right  whether  he  wants  to  or  not.  If  the 
Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  is  not  so  guarded  then  I  have 
failed  in  my  purpose.  I  maintain,  however,  that  even  if 
"  Shylock,"  and  by  this  word  I  mean  a  person  who  wor- 
ships the  almighty  cent  and  nothing  else,  comes  into  our 
association  as  an  investor  that  he  will  encourage  its  pur- 
poses, because  by  so  doing  he  will  enjoy  larger  gains  with 
less  risks  and  will  have  more  security  in  the  enjoyment  of 
what  he  gets. 

My  idea  is  that  man  is  a  result,  and  is  not  to  be  treated 
as  a  cause.  He  will  be  good  when  surrounded  with  good 
conditions,  and  bad  when  overwhelmed  with  bad  conditions; 
i.e.  the  conditions  make  the  man,  not  the  man  the  condi- 
tions. The  machine  makes  the  cloth,  not  the  cloth  the 
machine.  Man  is  just  as  much  a  product  as  a  piece  of 
cloth.  A  perfect  machine  for  the  manufacture  of  sub- 
stantial cloth  is  the  combination  of  the  practical  applications 
of  inventions  forced  upon  man  through  a  long  course  of 
years  and  many  varied  conditions  ;  and  a  perfected  basis 
for  making  a  thinking  man  and  useful  woman  is  an  organiza- 
tion made  thorough  in  its  details.  Our  machine  of  associa- 
tion for  making  good  people  out  of  bad  persons  will  not  be 
perfect  in  its  workmanship  at  the  start.  Nothing  in 
mechanics  ever  was.  But  in  strict  keeping  with  its  correct 
or  indifferent  workings  will  be  the  character  of  the  finished 
men  and  woman  whom  it  produces.  The  mainspring  of  its 
action,— equity,~however,  will  finally  adjust  its  affairs  to  the 
work  it  has  to  perform  and  the  more  closely  the  raw 
material — the  Colonists — crowd  around  it  the  better  will  its 
true  merits  be  made  conspicuous.  Let  us  work,  watch  and 
be  patient  with -our  machine  of  association,  like  mechanics 
are  with  their  manufacturing  combinations — let  us  adjust 
this  wheel,  strengthen  that  screw,  lengthen  this  lever,  plant 


SUP  PL  EMENT.  1 8 1 

firm  that  fulcrum  ;  and  let  us  be  sure  to  keep  all  parts 
which  rub  one  against  the  other  well  oiled  ;  i.e.,  let  us  con- 
cede, be  courteous,  be  thoughtful  one  of  the  other. 

How  often  have  we  listened  to  the  orator  picture  some 
"great  army,  organized  and  marshalled  like  a  giant 
machine  moving  as  one  body  for  destruction."  And  how 
true  it  is  that  an  army  is  a  machine.  Just  so  must  we 
lovers  of  peace,  security  and  beautiful  homes,  organize  our 
forces  and  marshal  our  columns  for  construction.  With- 
out thorough  organization  upon  a  business  basis  we  will 
accomplish  nothing  be  our  intentions  ever  so  good. 
United  in  one  colony,  for  a  methodical  start,  there  is  not 
anything  which  is  not  within  the  possibility  of  our  comforts 
and  of  our  attainments.  Aladdin  and  his  magic  lamp  will 
be  surpassed  by  the  reality  of  men  and  women  associated 
upon  principles  of  equity  and  directed  by  and  for  their 
best  interests. 

While  in  this  line  of  thought  bear  with  me  a  moment 
longer.  Society,  I  liken  to  water  in  a  kettle.  The  object 
of  our  people  is  to  keep  the  surface  smooth.  The  re- 
formers— the  Greenbackers,  woman  suffragists,  free  foreign 
traders,  high  tariff  men,  Low  Church  members,  eight  hour 
advocates,  trade  unionists,  free  land  proclaimers,  temper- 
ance hosts,  et  #/ — are  sailing  over  the  surface  of  this 
kettle  of  water,  each  in  his  own  little  canoe,  or  "dug-out" 
punching  with  a  spear,  or  hitting  with  a  club  at  the 
bubbles  which  everywhere  appear  to  break  the  smoothness 
desired.  Sometimes  they  hit,  oftener  they  don't,  but 
every  bubble  broken  is  sure  to  appear  again  larger  than 
ever  for  having  been  dealt  with  as  a  cause.  These  poor 
deluded,  although  well  intenlioned,  men  and  women,  never 
for  a  moment  stop  to  think  that  they  are  dealing  with 
effects.  If  some  of  them  would  only  stop  their  "  dug-outs  " 
long  enough  to  step  from  out  the  enthusiasm  and  noise 
they  make  themselves,  and  from  out  of  society,  over  the 


1 82  SUPPLEMENT. 

surface  of  whose  affairs  they  have  been  floating  as  uncoi> 
sciously  as  a  cork  in  the  eddies  of  a  mill  race,  they  might 
possibly  see  that  the  bubbles  which  they  have  been  trying 
to  burst  (with  their  little  clubs — charity,  church  and  poli- 
tics) are  caused  by  the  fire  under  the  kettle — a  fire  caused 
by  the  spontaneous  combustion  consequent  to  disorgan- 
ization :  and  on  the  flames,  which  burned  up  bright  and 
intense,  they  might  possibly  see  written  in  the  blood  of 
our  people,  "  Special  Legislation"  The  bubbles  seen, 
with  the  unaided  eye,  are  labeled  "  Privileged  Pirates," 
"  Land  Vampires,"  "  Kings  of  Transportation,"  "  Light- 
ning Lords,"  "  Princes  of  the  Exchange,"  "  Gamblers  in 
the  necessaries  of  life,"  "  Office  Brokers,"  "  drunkenness,'7 
"crime,'*  "disease,"  "general  cussedness."  My  remedy 
is  to  substitute  "  organization  "  for  "  disorganization," — 
Organize  our  cities  and  nations  to  use  public  utilities  for  the 
conveniences  and  revenues  of  the  public  ;  and  permit  private 
properties  to  be  in  the  control  of  individuals  under  certain  de- 
clared reservations  in  the  interest  of  the  common  weal" — and 
the  fire  will  go  out,  the  water  in  the  kettle  will  become 
normal  in  heat,  the  bubbles  will  be  impossible,  and  the 
little  great  men  and  the  great  little  women  can  then  turn 
their  kind  hearts  and  big  brains  to  productive  occupations, 
feeing  secured  in  every  privilege  under  heaven. 

The  American  and  Mexican  Pacific  Railroad  Company 
takes  no  interest  in,  nor  will  it  have  anything  to  do  with  the 
management  of  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa.  It  simply 
sells  its  lands  to  us :  and  we  pay  in  cash  and  not  in  stock 
as  I  had  first  suggested.  As  it  now  reads  we  can  do  this. 
All  stock  after  the  15,000  shares  first  offered,  7,900  shares 
of  which  are  already  in  the  hands  of  our  friends,  will  be 
sold  only  to  actual  settlers  and  then  only  one  share  for 
each  lot-interest  he  or  she  may  wish  to  build  upon. 

I  do  not  wish  the  4,400  shares  which  I  have  undertaken 
to  carry  by  pledging  every  property  and  resource  I  have  •, 


SUPPLEMENT.  183 

and  \vill  be  pleased  to  give  up  all  but  four  shares.     With 
-  these  I  wish  to  locate  a  model  house  (roox  150  feet). 

A  stockholder  will  not  be  permitted  to  vote  for  him  or  her- 
self for  any  office  ;  to  ask  another  to  vote  for  him  or  her,  or  to 
arrange  to  vote  for  another  under  any  consideration  or  condi- 
tions other  than  the  public  welfare.  This  will  put  an  end 
to  "  log  rolling,*'  "  axe  grinding,"  "  fence  repairing," 
" slates,"  "primaries,"  caucuses  and  politics  as  known  to 
our  "  popular  suffragists."  This  will  be  a  means  to  make 
those  persons  who  are  ambitious  to  become  prominent  in 
the  councils  of  the  colony  studious  to  grasp  the  funda- 
mental principles  and  the  necessary  knowledge  of  details 
to  effect  the  best  results  for  the  common  weal  with  the 
least  means  at  hand.  A  person  will  be  elected  a  Director 
because  he  or  she  is  a  business  person  of  substantial  stand- 
ing in  the  colony,  and  he  or  she  will  have  no  interest  but 
that  of  the  corporation  to  attend  to.  A  Director  will  be 
under  no  obligations  to  any  one  or  to  any  party  for  his  or 
her  election.  The  penalty  for  breaking  by-laws  should  be 
expulsion.  When  a  society  is  based  upon  equity  then  the 
breaking  of  the  rulings  should  be  dealt  with  in  a  positive 
and  uncompromising  manner.  Innate  badness  must  not 
for  an  hour  be  tolerated  within  our  community,  at  our 
commencement.  After  we  get  well  started  we  can  take 
care  of  all  characters  to  their  own  and  to  our  benefit. 
Let  the  earnest  men  and  women  of  our  earth  unite  to  build 
themselves  a  refuge  from  the  disorganizations  which  make 
life  a  burden  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave. 

Earnestly, 

ALBERT  K.  OWEN. 

Letter  from  Edward  Vansittart  Neale,  General  Secretary 
of  the  Central  Co-Operative  Board,  Manchester,  England, 
to  Edward.  Rowland  : — 

MY  DEAR  MR.  ROWLAND,— I  shall  be  pleased  to  receive 


1 84  SUPPLEMENT. 

Mr.  Owen's  pamphlet  when  it  arrives,  and  wish  I  could  do 
more  than  it  is  in  my  power  to  do,  to  forward  the  plans  : 
for  he  seems  to  be  one  of  those  persons  who  apprehends 
that  if  association  is  to  do  for  mankind  the  work  that  I 
hope  and  believe  that  it  is  destined  to  do,  it  must  be 
"thorough."  It  must  include  the  habitations  of  mankind. 
To  associate  men  for  production,  and  to  associate  them 
for  exchange,  while  you  leave  them  isolated  in  their 
home  life,  in  that  which  forms  the  influences  of  every  day 
and  essentially  moulds  the  character,  by  these  continued 
"  droppings,"  is  to  destroy  your  own  work. 

The  little  house  and  the  little  garden  of  his  own  which 
is  the  passion  of  so  many  of  our  workers,  and  no  less,  I 
take  it,  of  yours,  logically  endorsing,  as  it  does,  the  great 
house  and  great  garden  of  his  own,  for  the  man  who  can 
make  a  number  of  other  men  contribute  to  his  supposed 
convenience,  and  the  middle  house  and  middle  garden,  of 
his  own  for  the  intermediate  body,  in  its  endless  grada- 
tions of  rising  individualities,— will  be  the  rod  swallowing  up 
all  the  other  rods,  and  undermining  the  sentiment  of 
fraternity,  without  which  association  must  become  a  corpus 
mortuum. 

I  am  satisfied,  and  have  more  than  once  written,  that  the 
associated  home  is  the  keystone  of  the  vault  of  social 
progress.  I  trust  that  you  may  be  able  to  inspire  enough  of 
earnest,  sober-minded  men  in  the  U.  S.  with  the  idea,  to 
allow  such  homes  to  be  formed  among  you,  with  success. 
For  many  conditions  are  requisite — foremost  this,  that  the 
home  must  not  be  a  colony  of  idle  people,  who  come  there 
for  a  new  sensation,  to  be  amused  better  than  they  are 
usually  in  their  present  ones.  Such  persons  will  inevita. 
bly  be  dissatisfied;  and  cry  out  that  the  place  is  a  failure, 
because  it  does  not  cure  them  of  ennui,  for  which  there  is 
no  cure  possible  by  any  external  application.  You  must 
have  as  the  body  of  your  inhabitants,  workers  who  will 


SUPPLEMENT.  1 8S 

find  in  the  home,  advantages  for  their  daily  lives  such  as 
no  isolated  home  can  give  them  ;  and  with  these,  if  possible, 
a  sprinkling  of  the  wealthier  classes,  devoid  of  any  spirit 
of  exclusiveness,  who  are  able  and  willing  to  become  leaders 
in  all  that  can  refine  the  mass  and  make  the  life  in  the 
associated  home  attractive  ;  men  and  women  who  will  aid 
in  this  work,  even  wealthy  men,  who  will  ask,  not  how  are 
we  to  be  entertained  ?  but  how  can  we  best  instruct  and 
entertain  other's  ? 

I  send  with  this  a  copy  of  my  publication  for  which  you 
ask,  and  one  of  Godin's  recent.  /'.  e.  last  year's,  publications 
about  the  Familistere  which  will  interest  you  if  you  have 
not  seen  it.  But  I  am  afraid  you  have  no  chance  of  getting 
him  to  come  over  to  America.  He  does  not  speak  or  un- 
derstand English  ;  and  he  has,  I  think,  an  aversion  to  any 
proceedings  in  which  he  would  feel,  because  he  could  not 
take  an  active  part  in  what  he  saw,  that  he  was  a  mere 
show  figure. 

Still  there  would  be  something  attractive  in  inaugurat- 
ing his  great  work  in  your  new  world  across  the  Atlantic, 
which  might  tempt  him,  but  1  doubt  his  yielding  to  the 
temptation. 

Yours  Very  Sincerely. 

E.  VANSITTART  NEALE. 

CHESTER,  Pa.,  July  iQth,  1885. 
MR.  E.  M.  L ,  OBERLIN,  OHIO. 

DEAR  SIR,— Edward  and  Marie  Rowland  have  kindly 
referred  to  me  your  interesting  letter  of  June  28th,  1885. 
I  have  read  it  carefully  and  with  interest,  and  this  is  the 
answer  to  your  inquiries. 

When  a  Company  is  privileged  to  build  a  railroad,  as 
you  know,  the  Charter  must  state  the  initial  or  controlling 
cities  or  points  in  the  line,  the  general  purposes  intended 


1 86  SUPPLEMENT. 

and  special  objects  in  view.  This  is  the  case  when  a 
charter  of  any  class  is  given  by  state  or  government. 
Companies  are  always  three  or  more  persons  and  money 
is  raised  for  organization  mostly  from  sale  of  stock  to  the 
public.  No  matter  who  gets  the  stock,  the  purposes  for 
which  the  charter  was  given,  have  to  be  conformed  with  in 
a  general  way  even  if  neglected  and  abused  in  some  par- 
ticulars. 

Now,  I  contend  that  it  will  be  a  practical  step  in  the 
direction  of  progress,  science  and  universal  suffrage  if  we 
charter  a  company  to  lay  out,  build  and  manage  a  city 
corporation  with  farms,  factories,  steamboats  and  cars 
attached  as  auxiliaries  to  the  purposes  mentioned  in  the 
charter.  "The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa"  is  to  be  a 
chartered  company  in  which  the  general  plan,  as  has 
been  laid  down,  will  be  set  forth.  Although  the  persons 
who  control  the  stock  can  control  the  organization,  they 
cannot  change  materially  the  purposes  stated  in  the 
charter  of  the  organization ;  nor  can  any  one  of  them  long 
enjoy  the  profits  and  privileges  from  more  than  48 
shares.  The  conditions  under  which  the  stock  is  sold 
must  be  complied  with  by  every  holder. 

It  would  be  a  great  satisfaction  to  all  concerned  if  our 
stock  were  taken  by  radical  and  known  reformers,  and,  I 
think,  we  can  depend  that  it  mostly  will  be  ;  yet,  we  want 
the  necessary  money  to  move  and  to  establish  ourselves 
and  we  invite  business  persons  to  invest  feeling  assured 
that  the  safeguards  which  surround  the  working  details  of 
"  The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  "  will  protect  the  industri- 
ous many  from  the  cunning,  non-producing  few. 

Corporate  management  has  been  successful,  has  almost 
invariably  carried  out  the  object  intended  and  has,  as  a 
rule,  enriched  the  stockholders. 

Political  management*  has  been  markedly  unsuccessful, 

*  The   Sun,  New   York,  September   2,  1885  :— The  gamblers  of 


SUPPLEMENT.  jgy 

has  degraded  the  citizen  and  bankrupted  towns,  counties, 
states  and  nations ;  and  it  has  required  force  and  knavery 
combined  to  uphold,  temporarily  and  with  feebleness,  public 
business  by  such  methods  controlled.  The  United  States 
and  Mexico  are  the  best  examples  of  popular  governments. 
Their  towns,  counties,  territories,  states  and  governments 
are  in  the  hands  of  office-brokers  ;  and  the  paid  hirelings  of 
these  office-brokers  are  encouraged  to  make  loud  speeches 
at  stated  intervals,  about  the  beauties  of  "  constitution/' 
"  liberty,"  "freedom"  and  "Christianity,"  while  the  pro- 
ducing people  are  pitted  one  against  the  other  in  the  mad, 
wild,  barbarous  competitive  struggle  for  existence  until  their 
natures  are  more  becoming  to  that  of  a  wolf  than  to  that  of 
a  human  being.  In  these  republics  the  cunning,  designing, 
libertined  few  have  formed  themselves  into  political  cliques, 
have  amused  and  defrauded  the  masses,  and  have  privileged 
and  fostered  themselves  and  those  who  otherwise  would 
have  made  trouble  for  the  cliques,  until  it  is  a  disputed 
question  whether  the  wage  slave  of  the  manufacturing 
states  is  not  worse  off  than  the  chattel  slave  of  the  fibre 
producing  South.f  Such  governments,  or  rather  organized 
and  legalized  piracies  cannot  long  survive.  The  groans  of 

Omaha  have  made  a  proposition  to  the  city  that  if  they  are  not  inter- 
fered  with  for  one  year  they  will  pay  for  all  street  improvements  and 
keep  up  the  water  works. 

ONLY  A  CHANGE  OF  SLAVERIES. — Chattel  slavery  was  far 
more  personal  in  its  relations  than  the  hireling  system;  hence  it  sup- 
pliedjnoral  checks  of  character  absent  from  wage  exploitation.  Cruel 
on  one  plantation  and  kind  on  another,  it  had  no  average  level  of  horrors 
like  the  slums  of  London,  the  Chinese  blocks  and  tenement  hells  of 
our  great  cities,  or  the  actual  destitution  of  proletaries  every  where. 
To  pretend  that  liberty  or  humanity  has  gained  by  the  transition  from 
the  slave  to  the  hireling  is  one  of  those  deliberate  sophisms  \vhirh 
the  theory  of  progress  finds  it  necessary  to  invent,  in  order  to 
hide  the  fact  that  it  has  missed  the  problem  of  destinies.  TVttcr  for 
the  laborer  to  remain  the  slave  of  a  personal  master  than  to  K 
the  victim  of  a  soulless  institution.  If  a  little  kno\\'  |  dan- 


j88  SUPPLEMENT. 

their  victims  are  the  knell  of  their  fall.  The  United 
States,  Mexico  and  the  Republics  of  Central  and  South 
America  exist  now  because  their  peoples  are  widely  scatter- 
ed and  have  vast  tracks  of  new  lands  to  occupy.  Were  they 
as  densely  settled  as  European  countries,  anarchy  would 
prevail.  Mob  law  would  rule  and  the  thin  veneering 
which  covers  our  "civilization,"  so-called,  would  be  rudely 
brushed  aside  and  even  the  unreflective  would  discover 
that  we  were  but  barbarians  dressed  in  badly  fashioned 
clothes.  Now  !  mark  you  !  I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood 
as  condemning  the  persons  who  are  pushed  at  the  head 
of  these  cliques — I  condemn  the  system  not  the  individual. 
A  man  is  the  result  of  circumstances  just  the  same  as  is 
a  fruit  or  a  vegetable. 

You  will  say  that  I  am  against  "  popular  suffrage/*  * 
Yes  !  most  positively  against  the  "  popular  suffrage  "  as 
practiced  in  the  United  States.  In  the  first  place,  it  is  a 
fraud  in  name.  It  is  not  "  popular  "  but  "  class  suffrage," 

gerous  thing,  a  little  liberty  is  more  so.  Drink  deep  or  taste  not— 
Edgeworth  in  the  Labor  Journal. 

*WHEN  AN  ALIEN  MAY  VOTE. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  World  . 

Please  inform  me  through  your  paper  how  long  a  foreign-born 
citizen  has  to  be  in  these  United  States  before  he  can  vote  for  Presi- 
dent of  these  United  States  ?  Yours  respectfully,  J.  E.  R. 

[There  is  no  limit  as  to  residence  in  the  United  States.  "  Voting 
for  President  "  is  done  by  voting  for  State  officers,  called  Electors, 
and  each  State  prescribes  the  qualifications  of  the  voters.  In  Michi- 
gan the  alien  may  vote  after  a  three  months'  residence.  Minnesota 
requires  four  months,  Colorado,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Nevada 
and  Oregon,  each  require  six  months.  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida, 
Louisiana,  Missouri,  Texas  and  Wisconsin  are  less  liberal,  each  re- 
quiring a  year's  residence.  All  require  a  declaration  of  intention  to 
become  a  citizen.  Between  Michigan,  which  allows  the  emigrant  to 
vote  for  President  and  every  other  officer  three  months  after  landing, 
and  Rhode  Island,  which  does  not  permit  the  alien-born  citizen  J* 


SUPPLEMENT.  ,  §9 

for  over  one  half  of  the  populace  and  that  the  better,  the 
nearer  moral,  the  better  behaved,  the  better  intentioned 
half — the  women — are  disfranchised.  This  I  protest  against ! 
I  denounce  as  damnable  any  and  all  managements  which 
tax,  imprison  and  hang  women  to  whom  it  denies  the  right 
of  representation.  "You  want  to  be  free"  says  Abbe 
Sieyers  to  his  French  compatriots,  "  and  you  know  not  how 
to  be  just."  In  the  second  place,  our  "  suffrage  "  is  a  fraud, 
in  practice  ;  for  the  negroes  in  the  south  and  the  wage  slaves 
of  the  north  have  no  power  to  exercise  their  rights  to  vote 
against  the  dominant  whites  in  the  one  instance  or  against 
their  employers  or  taskmasters  in  the  other.  They  and  the 
peons  of  Mexico  are  to  be  classed  together  so  far  as  their 
privilege  to  vote  can  be  exercised.  Again,  our  "  suffrage  " 
is  a  fraud  in  execution  for  the  ballot  box  is  stuffed  in  one 
district,  burned  or  lost  in  another,  tampered  with  in  all, 
and  has  no  security  for  being  correctly  counted  in  any. 
"  Popular  suffrage  "  has  been  the  means  of  promoting  this 
state  of  affairs.  I  protest  that  such  villanous  vagaries 
should  be  called  governments  and  as  such  respected. 
They  are  simply  organized  piracies,  legalized  and  popular- 
ized so  that  the  few  can  rob,  plunder,  and  debauch  the 
many.  I  do  not  think  that  simply  because  a  thing  wears 
pantaloons,  is  not  in  an  insane  asylum,  or  is  not  a  Chinese, 
that  it  should  vote.  Man  or  woman  who  is  permitted  to 
have  a  voice  in  forming,  preserving  and  amending  consti- 
.  tutions,  laws,  or  by-laws  should,  at  least,  know  how  to  read 
the  same,  or  otherwise  they  must  vote  by  proxy  or  u  faith  " 
and,  as  has  been  amply  demonstrated  in  every  local 
and  national  election  in  the  United  States  during  the 
last  fifty  years,  they  assist,  and  often  with  enthusiasm, 
to  put  halters  around  their  own  necks,  to  prostitute 

vote  at  all  unless  be  owns  unencumbered  real  estate,  taking  away  his 
franchise  when   he  puts  a  mortgnge    upon  his  homestead,   tlu-;. 
many  steps.— En.  WORLD.]— August  18,  1885. 


I9o  SUPPLEMENT. 

their  own  daughters,  and  to  hand  their  friends  over 
to  the  tender  mercies  of  their  enemies.  But  even 
were  every  woman  and  man  who  are  of  sound  mind,  be 
coming  deportment  and  who  can  read  and  write  the 
English  language  given  the  franchise  the  government  so 
controlled  could  not  long  withstand  the  tests,  the  strains 
which  struggling  humanity  are  ever  making  paramount  to 
life.  China  and  England  have  "civil  service  reform*'  and 
their  educated  noodles  have  been  in  charge  of  public  affairs 
for  centuries.  There  exist  flunkies  who  are  satisfied  with 
the  results.  I  protest,  however,  against  such  monstrous 
organizations  for  debauchery  and  crime.  Theocracies, 
Monarchies,  Democracies,  Republics  and  Aristocracies 
have  been,  are  and  must  from  their  inherent  defects,  con- 
tinue to  be  failures.  In  each  of  them  the  few  cunning  knaves 
and  villains,  those  favored  by  birth  and  those  given  special 
legislation  and  military  education,  monopolize  and  prosti- 
tute everything  and  everybody  and  the  burdens  fall  upon 
the  men  and  women,  and  upon  the  little  boys  and  helpless 
girls,  who  are  the  least  able  to  bear  them. 

I  have  given  my  ideas  concerning  government  in  a  letter 
to  my  friend  John  A.  Thomson,  which  accompanies  this. 
"The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa,"  is  a  step  toward  the 
practical  inauguration  of  a  new  order  of  government,  for 
towns  and  nations.  After  Pacific  Colony  has  been  made  a 
success,  if  it  is  thought  desirable,  we  will  select  another 
city  site  and  farm,  improve  our  by-laws*  and  the  selected 
heads  of  one  hundred  families  will  move  to  begin  another 
colony.  Like  the  bees,  the  old  and  experienced  always 
going  to  the  new  hives  and  leaving  the  young  to  enjoy  the 
old  home,  its  regularities  and  its  comforts.  It  is  the  duty, 
the  love  of  the  old  to  sacrifice  for  the  young.  The  great- 
est wish  of  the  parents  is  that  their  offspring  may  have 

*  By-laws,  as  most  persons  know,  are  sometimes  more  significant 
than  those  called  general  laws. 


better  advantages  and  less  discomforts  than  they  have  had. 

M.  Godin  says :  "  No  power  in  the  world  can  raise 
public  opinion  at  once  to  the  conception  of  integral  asso- 
ciation; nor  can  any  power  raise  individuals  to  the  plane 
of  justice  and  fraternity  necessary  to  the  societary  regime/ 
We  believe  this  to  be  true.  We  will,  therefore,  have  our- 
selves incorporated  and  established  as  a  company  for  busi- 
ness and  educational  purposes  and  will  pool  our  lands,  ex- 
changes, transportations  and  our  common  interests  with 
the  corporation.  By  this  method  we  force  the  experienced 
business  members  of  our  firm  to  take  the  public  trusts,  for 
they  cannot  advance  from  their  own  level  without  they 
manage  to  advance  the  general  interests  of  all.  By  tying 
the  interests  of  the  less  capable  to  the  interests  of  the  most 
skilled  we  advance  spciety  in  general  and  secure  that  ad- 
vance by  strewing  the  paths  of  every  member  of  the  asso- 
ciation with  remunerative  and  useful  employments,  com- 
fortable houses  and  prosperity  made  general,  but  not  equal. 
This  can  never  be  accomplished  through  "  popular  suf- 
frage." There  is  no  such  thing  as  "  equality  "  in  nature. 
Even  brothers  are  constituted  widely  different.  Twins 
were  never  born  equal,  physically  or  mentally.  Our  plan 
is  to  make  men  and  women  useful  to  themselves  through 
the  advancement  of  the  community's  interests.  This  will 
make  the  individuality  marked,  and  will  make  the  state 
(the  corporation)  great. 

"  Liberty  "  is  a  sentiment.  There  is  no  such  thing  as 
"  Equality"  No  one  wants  independence.  Not  one  of  us, 
if  we  only  think  of  it,  seriously  wishes  either. 

If  a  man  wants  "  liberty  "  he  must  live  alone,  away  from 
everything  and  every  person.  Robinson  Crusoe  as  soon  as 
he  discovered  the  track  of  a  man  upon  the  sand,  lost  his 
•'  liberty  "  to  move  around  his  island.  When  he  secured 
the  companionship  of  "  Friday  "  he  had  to  make  his  life 
conform  to  this  new  state  of  affairs.  The  hour  a  man  as- 


192  SUPPLEMENT. 

sociates  with  another  creature,  as  Robinson  Crusoe  did 
with  his  parrots  and  goats,  he  has  to  give  up  his  freedom 
of  action  in  some  particular,  and  the  more  cultured  and 
refined  he  becomes  the  least  "  liberty  "  he  asserts.  A 
married  man,  strictly  speaking,  cannot  stay  out  of  the 
house  after  night  without  he  gives  his  wife  full  details  ot 
his  reasons  for  so  doing.  He  knew  that  this  would  be  the 
case  before  he  married ;  yet,  he  readily  gave  up  his  "  lib- 
erty "  to  stay  out  at  night  without  a  good  excuse,  and  is 
all  the  better  for  having  done  so.  "Natural  rights,  "lib- 
erty "  and  independence  belong  to  brutes.  Restricted  ac- 
tions, accomplishments  and  courtesies  belong  to  refined, 
thoughtful,  progressive  persons. 

Communities  and  nations  progress  in  the  proportion 
that  the  occupations  of  their  people  are  diversified  and 
perfected.  One  person  makes  a  good  farmer,  but  is 
useless  as  a  mechanic.  Another  becomes  an  author,  but 
would  be  a  failure  for  a  doctor  or  lawyer.  But  every 
useful  occupation  is  interdependent  with  the  other,  and  it 
takes  all  to  make  a  perfect  union.  The  more  varied  and 
skilled  the  parts  are  the  more  grand  is  the  union  they 
make.  No  person  is  capable  of  executing  more  than  one 
line  of  production  well.  Monkeys  follow  out  much  the 
same  line  of  action,  and  so  do  strictly  agricultural  nations. 
Persons  advance  from  the  state  of  non-reflection  and  one- 
ness of  employment  in  the  proportion  that  they  follow  out 
different  lines  of  production  ;  and  a  people  is  weak  or 
powerful  in  the  ratio  of  the  diversification  and  perfection 
of  their  trades.  Persons  are  constituted  differently,  and 
therefore  require  varied  lines  of  movement  and  thought. 
A  person  sometimes  concentrates  his  ability  upon  a  cog- 
wheel or  screw,  becomes  a  monomaniac,  is  called  a 
"crank,"  and  finally  produces  an  invention  which  lifts  his 
fellow  man  from  drudgery  into  a  plane  of  ease  and  com- 
fort. Another  makes  a  study  of  equity^  and  becomes  a 


SUPPLEMENT  jgj 

creditor  upon  society  for  the  just  rulings  he  drafts.  What 
we  want  is  to  make  all  give  their  best  talents,  matured 
thoughts,  skill  and  labor  to  the  corporation.  For  this 
purpose  we  have  organized  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa. 
The  small  wheels  and  the  big  wheels  in  a  clock  are  neces- 
sary to  the  purposes  of  marking  time.  They  are  not 
equal,  but  one  is  interdependent  with  the  other,  and  all 
would  be  useless  if  each  is  not  fitted  to  its  proper  place, 
and  permitted  to  fulfil  its  peculiar  functions.  An  injury 
done  the  little  wheel  is  reflected  upon  the  usefulness  of 
the  big  wheel,  and  every  man,  woman  and  child  associat- 
ed in  one  corporation  are  just  in  the  same  way,  interde- 
pendent one  with  the  other  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  pur- 
poses for  which  the  association  (the  clock)  is  formed. 
Now,  try  and  make  the  little  wheel  perform  the  part  of  the 
big  wheel,  and  you  will  destroy  harmony,  and  the  purposes 
for  which  the  clock  was  made  will  not  be  fulfilled  by  the 
machine,  be  the  wheels  made  of  iron,  or  be  they  made  of 
gold, 

"  Popular  Suffrage  "  is  a  delusion  and  a  snare,  because 
it  is  based  upon  the  idea  that  every  one  is  equal,*  not  as  a 
shoemaker  or  a  mechanic,  or  a  school-teacher,  for  this 
they  know  is  not  the  fact,  but  for  framing,  preserving  and 
amending  laws.  Cunning  scoundrels,  unprincipled  wretches, 
want  no  better  way  to  obtain  their  ends,  be  those  ends 
what  they  may,  than  to  have  popularized  this  beauti- 
ful claptrapism  of  "  universal  suffrage,"  "  free  trade," 
"free  speech,"  "  liberty,"  "  fraternity,"  "equality,"  '•  inde- 
pendence," "  Ritualism/'  which  they  deluge  us  with  upon 
every  popular  occasion. 

Now,  to  be  brief,  for  we  have  already  been  too  long, 
"The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  "  starts  from  the  basis 

*  A  good  heart  will,  at  all  times,  betray  the  best  head  in  the  world. 


,94  SUPPLEMENT. 

that  men  and  women  are  widely  different  in  everythingf 
are  not  equal  in  anything,  and  must  necessarily  be  differ- 
ently occupied  to  be  useful  to  the  community,  and,  through 
the  community  to  themselves.  We  agree  to  have  ourselves 
incorporated  into  a  business  association  or  firm,  to  build 
homes,  to  cultivate  farms,  to  manufacture  goods,  and  to 
exchange  services.  We  base  our  relations,  social  and 
commercial,  one  with  the  other,  upon  equity,  not  upon 
equality — upon  individual  merits,  not  upon  collective  owner- 
ship  in  things  not  public.  The  mechanic  and  the  farmer 
must  feel  absolutely  certain,  that  while  they  are  giving 
their  time  and  thought  to  their  productions,  that  every 
other  colonist  is  also  looking  strictly  to  his  particular 
line  of  occupation,  and  that  the  common  weal  is  the  care 
of  every  one.  That  there  can  be  no  law  made  which  is 
not  a  common  law,  no  public  improvement  accomplished, 
in  which  they  have  not  equal  privileges  with  those  who 
superintended  the  making  of  the  said  laws  and  the  said 
public  improvements.  The  usefulness  of  every  member  in 
this  way  becomes  absolutely  interdependent  and  dove- 
tailed with  the  interests  of  every  other  member — and  the 
interest  of  the  community  is  a  sacred  trust  upon  each.  It  is 
only  through  occupations  made  varied,  and  happiness 
made  universal,  that  security  can  be  assured,  and  perma- 
nent progress  attained.  In  this  way  we  can  have  the 
best  and  the  worse  talents  used  in  their  proper  spheres, 
and  always  directly,  through  the  proper  departments,  for 
the  community,  and  through  the  community,  to  themselves 
— not  through  themselves  to  the  community ;  for  that 
means  "  cornering,"  "  monopolizing,'*  and  "special  legis- 
lation. "  Brute  man  exists  by,  with  and  for  himself ;  culti- 
vated man  lives  by  associated  efforts,  with  associated 
efforts,  and  for  associated  efforts, — and  that  this  fact  is 
not  understood,  is  the  cause  of  governments,  municipal 
and  national,  failing  in  every  effort  they  make  toward 


SUPPLEMENT.  19S 

common  decency  and  just  dealings.  Great  talents  and 
persons  of  special  genius  can  no  more  lift  themselves  into 
places  of  permanent  safety  and  enlightened  enjoyment  by 
monopolizing  public  things  for  their  exclusive  profits  than 
they  can  lift  themselves  over  a  fence  by  pulling  at  their 
own  boot  straps.  Mankind  are  congregated  for  mutual 
benefits,  or  for  general  cussedness.  We  have  experienced 
the  latter;  let  us  make  a  radical  change,  and  inaugurate 
the  former.  Let  the  aim  be  to  work  for  the  common 
weal,  and  not  directly  for  self ;  and  those  who  are  superior 
will  be  secured  in  every  enjoyment  and  luxury, — will  be 
given  opportunities  and  pleasures  they  cannot  imagine, 
through  their  present  morbid  senses — and  those  who  have 
been  retarded  by  vile  and  discriminating  legislation,  will 
rapidly  become  important  and  respected  factors  in  the 
community  of  progress,  mechanics  and  science. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa 
values  a  man  or  woman  at  ten  dollars — /.  ^.,  that  every 
ten  dollars  (one  share  of  stock)  votes.  Yes  !  that  is  so  in 
starting,  but  not  so  for  a  longer  time  than  is  absolutely 
necessary  for  the  new  order  of  advance.  But,  even  at  the 
worst,  do  we  not  place  a  woman  a  great  deal  higher  by 
giving  her  a  ten  dollar  valuation  and  a  position  to  exercise 
the  elective  franchise  to  the  extent  of  her  investment  in 
the  state  (corporation)  than  the  "  popular  suffragists  "  do 
by  not  allowing  her  even  a  one  dollar  valuation  (the  per 
capita  tax  paid  by  men  voters),  and  by  politically  classing 
her  with  idiots  and  felons  ?  Do  we  not  place  a  man  in  a 
higher  position  by  securing  him  a  vote  for  ten  dollars,  and 
a  position  by  which  he  may  always  be  enabled  to  exercise 
that  vote  with  dignity  and  with  perfect  safety,  than  the 
"  popular  suffragists "  do  in  giving  him  "  the  right," 
whatever  that  may  be,  and  then  reducing  him  to  such 
straits  for  existence  that  he  is  often  glad  to  sell  his  vote 
for  a  glass  of  whisky,  or  is  counted  out  or  defrauded  at 


I96  SUPPLEMENT. 

the  will  of  the  office-brokers,  who  resort  even  to  murder 
when  it  is  necessary  to  complete  their  plans.  My  friends ! 
don't  be  deceived  longer  by  this  "  popular  suffrage  "  trap 
as  practiced  in  the  United  States.  The  tricksters  at 
politics  are  only  too  glad  to  proclaim  that  "  all  men  are 
equal  and  are  brothers/'  or  any  other  lie  to  entertain  and 
enslave  you.  They  have  the  legislation  in  their  hands, 
the  transportations,  the  lands,  the  exchanges,  the  moneys, 
the  army  and  navy,  the  taxes,  and  they  will  soon  have  you 
to  make  laws  that  no  other  corporations  shall  be  made  : — 
and  then  you  had  better  be  fish  in  the  sea  than  human 
beings  unincorporated.  The  only  way  to  reach  universal 
suffrage,  true  and  simple,  is  through  well  matured  plans 
of  organization,  and  by  gradual  and  educational  steps. 
This  is  our  purpose  :  this  is  the  plan  of  the  Credit  Fonder 
of  Sinaloa. 

In  regard  to  persons  holding  permanently  as  many  as 
forty-eight  shares  of  Credit  Foncier  stock,  I  think  these 
will  be  very  few  at  any  time,  for  persons  will  not  care 
to  take  upon  themselves  the  ornamentations  and  improve- 
ments which  will  be  required  to  keep  a  four  acre  block  up 
to  the  public  standard.  In  our  present  system  of  laying  out 
and  policing  towns,  the  streets  are  dusty  at  one  season, 
muddy  at  another,  and  filthy  and  uninviting  at  all  times ; 
and  every  man  holding  his  lot  and  house  in  "  fee  simple  " 
can  put  a  pig-pen  in  the  yard,  and  make  a  cow-shed 
out  of  his  kitchen,  as  Horace  Greeley  once  did  ;  hence, 
persons  of  abundant  means  vie  with  each  other  in  build- 
ing in  the  middle  of  a  large  area,  hiding  their  houses 
among  trees,  shrubbery,  lawns,  and  excluding  themselves 
as  far  as  possible  from  the  common  residences  and 
thoroughfares.  In  Pacific  Colony  site  all  thoroughfares 
are  parkways,  and  will  be  kept  clean,  shaded  and  orn<u 
mented  with  grass,  flower  and  tree  ;  and  persons  will 
generally  build,  it  is  thought,  flush  with  the  building  lines, 


so  as  better  to  enjoy  the  attractions  of  the  parkways  where 
there  will  be  no  noise,  animals,  dust  or  mud. 

One  hundred  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  (four  lots) 
will  be  about  as  much  as  a  person  will  want, — certainly  as 
much  as  I  will, — and  that  will  necessitate  the  surrendering 
of  all  but  four  shares  of  stock.  In  Pacific  Colony  the 
facilities  and  advantages  of  associated  labors  and  the 
centralization  of  places  for  cooking,  washing,  manufactur- 
ing and  exchanging,  will  be  so  great  that  the  tendency 
will  be  to  closely  connect  dwellings,  instructions  and 
amusements.  A  person  living  with  his  family  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  four-acre  block  (600  x  300  =  48  lots)',  will  be  at 
so  many  inconveniences  compared  with  those  residing  in 
the  model  houses,  that  he  will  not  long,  it  is  thought, 
insist  upon  resisting  the  innate  desire  of  human  beings  to 
congregate.  We  may  calculate  for  a  certainty  that  life 
protected  from  the  uncertainties  which  now  crowd  us  into 
false  positions,  though  the  irresponsibility  of  the  munici- 
pality (the  corporation)  for  any  person  or  anything  will 
change  radically  the  feelings,  dispositions  and  actions  of 
man  toward  man,  and  prepare  the  way  for  a  better,  a 
more  enlightened  race, — a  race  of  men  and  women  who 
will  promote  and  perfect  inventions,  art  and  science,  and 
will  not  be  misled  by  superstitions  and  politics. 

In  regard  to  investments  for  colonists  who  have 
"credits"  with  the  Credit  Foncier.  I  suggest  that  as  much  as 
45  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  any  and  all  public  works,  electric 
ways,  pneumatic  tubes,  heats,  lights,  powers,  factories 
wharves,  etc.,  etc.,  be  reserved  at  the  option  of  the 
colonists  for  investment,  they  receiving  pro  rata  dividends 
in  the  profits.  This  provides  safe  and  ample  places  for 
earnings,  a  wide  range  for  the  exercise  of  judgment  in 
the  choice  for  investment,  and  yet  would  be  strictly  under 
the  control  of  our  state — The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa. 


I98  SUPPLEMENT. 

"  Popular  suffrage  "  gives  us  irresponsibility,  uncer- 
tainty and  selfishness. 

"  Corporate  organization  "  promises  responsibility,  cer- 
tainty and  equity. 

"  O  may  I  join  the  choir  invisible 
Of  those  immortal  dead,  who  live  again 
In  minds  made  better  by  their  presence  :  live 
In  pulses  stirred  to  generosity, 
In  deeds  of  daring  rectitude,  in  scorn 
For  miserable  aims  that  end  with  self; 
In  thoughts  sublime,  that  pierce  the  night  like  stars, 
And  with  their  mild  persistence,  urge  man's  search 
To  vaster  issues." 

GEORGE  ELIOT. 


SUPPLEMENT.  1 99 


ALBERT  K.  OWEN. 

ALBERT  KIMSEY  OWEN  was  born  at  Chester,  Delaware 
County,  Penn.,  and  in  that  city  and  vicinage  passed  his 
boyhood,  and  still  calls  it  his  home.  His  father  was  Joshua 
Owen,  a  Quaker  from  the  Morris  River  District  of  New 
Jersey,  a  graduate  of  the  Jefferson  College  of  Medicine,  a 
man  of  marked  individuality  and  culture,  a  physician  of 
distinction,  and  the  senior  surgeon  of  United  States  Vol- 
unteers. His  mother  was  Harriet  Maffit,  of  Northeast, 
Maryland — a  sister  of  Samuel  Maffit,  who  was  at  one  time 
the  State  Treasurer.  His  brother,  Alfred  M.  Owen,  was  a 
graduate  of  the  Jefferson  College  of  Medicine,  a  man  of 
attractive  social  character,  an  extensive  pedestrian  and 
voyager,  and  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Navy,  whose 
life  was  sacrificed  at  Pensacola,  August,  1883. 

"  Dr.  Owen  and  his  boys"  were  "household  words"  in 
Delaware  County,  and  Alfred  and  Albert  are  remembered 
by  the  devotion  of  their  father,  and  for  their  adventures  by 
water  and  land.  Their  mother  died  while  they  were  infants, 
and  Dr.  Owen  made  the  boys  his  companions,  and  instructed 
and  amused  them  in  their  childhood.  They  went  to  school 
at  Avondale,  making  their  home  with  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Leiper 
— the  mother  of  General  Charles  I.  Leiper,  and  the  aunt  of 
Dr.  Elisha  Kane,  of  Arctic  explorations — and  later  they 
took  a  course  of  higher  mathematics  with  James  W.  Dale, 
a  noted  preacher  and  scholar,  at  Media,  their  county 
seat. 

During  the  winter  of  1861  and  1862  the  boys  joined  their 


*oo  SUPPLEMENT. 

father,  then  surgeon  of  General  Hancock's  brigade,  at 
Lewinsville,  and  they  had  a  rare  opportunity  of  seeing 
the  battles  and  the  inarches  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
from  that  time  until  after  the  retreat  from  Chancellors- 
ville.  During  the  battles  of  Fredericksburg  and  Grove- 
ton  the  boys  were  volunteer  aids  to  General  James  Barnes, 
commander  of  the  First  Division,  Fifth  Corps,  and  were 
complimented  for  the  services  they  did.  In  the  summer  of 
1863  the  trio  journeyed  to  New  Mexico,  Surgeon  Owen 
having  been  commissioned  to  take  charge  of  the  medical 
department  of  that  Territory. 

St.  Joe,  Mo.,  was  the  westernmost  terminus  of  railroad 
in  those  days,  and  they  rode  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to 
Santa  Fe  in  a  stage — a  night  and  day  trip  of  two  weeks, 
and  in  one  place  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  without  seeing 
even  a  log  cabin.  At  Pawnee  Fork  they  had  the  advantage 
of  seeing  the  six  nations  of  Kansas  encamped  together ; 
at  the  Cimeron  they  took  dinner  with  Maxwell,  and  at  Los 
Pinos  stayed  over  night  with  Kit  Carson.  From  Fort 
Craig,  Albert  volunteered,  with  eight  others,  to  escort  the 
first  stage  across  the  "Jornado  del  Muerto ; "  was  the 
guest  of  Major  McClave  at  Las  Cruces  ;  rode  with  one 
companion  from  there — fifty-three  miles  in  eight  hours — to 
El  Paso,  Mexico,  and  while  there  was  the  guest  of  Colonel 
Bowie.  In  the  winter  of  1863  the  doctor  and  his  sons  re- 
turned to  the  States,  after  having  remarkable  adventures  in 
the  storms  on  the  plains,  and  on  the  floating  ice-fields  in 
crossing  the  Mississippi.  The  boys  returned  to  their  studies 
at  Media,  and  Surgeon  Owen  to  the  charge  of  the  medical 
department  of  Fortress  Monroe,  Norfolk,  and  the  Eastern 
shore  of  Virginia.  In  April,  1866,  the  doctor  and  his  sons 
sailed  in  the  Tonawanda  for  Liverpool.  They  visited  Eng- 
land, France,  Malta,  Syria,  Egypt,  Sicily,  Italy,  Savoy, 
Switzerland,  and  part  of  Germany.  They  travelled  in  out- 
of-the-way  places  in  search  of  castles,  churches,  and  ruins ; 


sum.  AM//-;  AY:  201 

were  fourteen  months  together,  and  walked  over  three 
thousand  miles — five  hundred  miles  of  which  distance,  and 
three  months  of  which  time,  were  in  Palestine.  Their  stay 
with,  and  entertainment  by,  the  Bedouins  of  the  Ard  el 
Houlah  were  unique.  Dr.  Owen  and  his  eldest  son,  in 
May,  1867,  returned  to  the  United  States,  and  Albert  re- 
mained to  make,  alone,  a  pedestrian  excursion  through 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland — a  walk  of  eight  hundred 
miles.  In  returning,  he  sailed  from  the  north  of  Ireland  into 
the  iceberg  zone,  and  via  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle  and  the 
St.  Lawrence.  This  trip  was  made  for  forty-five  dollars 
and  five  cents,  and  included  two  months'  time,  and  em- 
braced the  noted  places  of  Great  Britain  and  the  (steerage) 
passage  home.  Dr.  Owen  resumed  his  civil  practice. 
Alfred  studied  medicine  and  entered  the  navy,  and  Albert, 
directly  after  reaching  Delaware  County,  engaged  as  an 
axeman  and  chain- carrier,  under  Alexander  Worrell,  on  the 
survey  of  the  Chester  Creek  Railroad.  In  1868  he  assisted 
Hudson  D.  Shedaker  in  the  regulating  and  laying  out  of 
Chester  City  and  the  Fourth  Ward  of  Philadelphia;  in  1869 
he  became  partner  with  Joseph  Taylor,  surveyor  for  Dela- 
ware County,  and  a  noted  mathematician,  and  who  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  readjust  Mason 
and  Dixon's  line  in  1849;  was  elected  city  surveyor  for 
Chester;  was  re-elected  in  1870,  but  defeated  in  1871; 
and,  taking  a  letter  from  General  E.  F.  Beale,  his  towns- 
man, he  at  once  went  to  Colorado  and  assisted  Mayor 
George  Walcott  to  locate  Clear  Creek  Canon  Railroad 
from  Golden  City  to  Black  Hawk — at  that  time  a  unique 
piece  of  engineering.  In  the  spring  of  1872,  Mr.  Owen 
was  invited  by  General  W.  J.  Palmer  to  join  his  expedition, 
as  engineer,  to  Mexico.  Governor  H.  C.  Hunt  and  Mr. 
Owen  journeyed  together  from  Colorado  Springs,  via  Santa 
Fe,  El  Paso,  Chihuahua,  and  together  with  H.  R.  Hoi- 
brook,  Maurice  Kingsley,  and  Albert  Von  Motz,  reported 


202  SUPPLEMENT. 

the  line  since  occupied  by  the  Mexican  Central  Railroad, 
to  Querataro,  where  they  met  Generals  Palmer  and  Rose- 
crans.  On  these  early  reconnoissances  in  Mexico  Mr. 
Owen  passed  eleven  months,  rode  over  five  thousand  miles, 
three  thousand  four  hundred  miles  of  which  were  on  horse- 
back. It  was  in  his  examination  of  the  Pacific  coasts  of 
Jalisco,  Sinaloa  and  Sonora,  during  this  expedition,  that  he 
discovered  and  reported  (September,  1873)  Topolobampo 
Bay,  which  has  since  become  synonymous  with  the  name 
and  life  of  Albert  K.  Owen.  The  history  of  the  Norfolk- 
Topolobampo  Pacific  Railroad  route  fills  over  a  dozen 
pamphlets,  written  and  published  by  Mr.  Owen.  He  in- 
troduced the  project  first,  May  20,  1873,  at  the  Governors' 
Convention  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  it  was  there  that  Duff 
Green  became  his  friend — a  friendship  which  lasted  until 
his  death.  During  the  spring  of  1874,  Mr.  Owen  went 
to  Richmond,  Va.,  and  with  the  assistance  of  Governor 
Kemper  got  the  Assembly  to  pass  a  charter  for  the  "  South- 
ern Settlement  Society,"  which  was  intended  to  plant 
colonies  from  Norfolk  to  Topolobampo,  but  the  crisis  of 
1873  to  X878  prevented.  In  December,  1874,  Hon.  William 
D.  Kelley  presented  to  the  House,  and  Hon.  John  B.  Gor- 
don to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  the  Memorial  of  A. 
K.  Owen,  C.E.— "The  Great  Southern  Trans-Oceanic 
and  International  Air  Line — Asia  to  Europe  via  Mexico 
and  the  United  States,"  which  urged  that  the  United  States 
Government  should  b':.ild  this,  the  best  possible  line  across 
the  continent  of  North  America,  and  should  pay  for  the 
labor  employed  and  material  used  with  '•  Treasury  money." 
This  remains  to-day  the  best  Inter-Oceanic  route,  and  the 
best  system  of  payments  ever  presented  to  our  people. 
From  this  time  until  the  spring  of  1879,  Mr.  Owen  went 
before  the  House  and  Senate  Committees  and  argued  for  a 
survey,  under  the  War  Department,  of  his  railroad  line 
across  Texas  and  Mexico.  General  Grant  became  attracted 


T.  203 

to  the  merits  of  the  route,  ordered  a  survey  of  the  harbor 
of  Topolobampo,  had  a  special  board  of  United  States 
engineers  convened  to  examine  Mr.  Owen  upon  the  sub- 
ject, and  the  report  of  this  board  (Majors-General  Wright, 
Warren,  and  Abbott)  was  published  by  order  of  General 
Belknap  in  a  sixty-eight-page  pamphlet  for  the  information 
of  Congress.  The  Railroad  Committees  of  the  House  and 
Senate,  which  Mr.  Owen  argued  before,  passed  his  bill 
unanimously  twice ;  but  the  great  railroad  corporations 
prevented  its  passage  in  either  House.  During  the  summer 
of  1876  Mr.  Owen  was  with  the  WTheeler  expedition  in  the 
mountain  surveys  of  Colorado. 

In  the  winter  of  1873,  Mr.  Owen,  with  H.  C.  Baird,  E. 
M.  Davis,  George  Victor  Drury,  Dr.  William  C.  Crooks,  of 
Philadelphia,  organized  the  first  Greenback  club  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Mr.  Owen  was  secretary  of  this  club  during  two 
years.  He  has  been  elected  a  delegate  to  every  National 
Convention  held  by  that  party,  and  was  an  elector  on  the 
Peter  Cooper  ticket.  His  writings  on  the  questions  of  the 
day,  in  support  of  an  equitable  ways  and  means  of  payment, 
upon  the  suffrage  for  women,  and  protective  tariff,  have  been 
many.  He  assisted  to  organize  the  Sovereigns  of  Industry, 
belongs  to  the  Brotherhood  of  the  Union  and  the  Knights 
of  Labor,  and  is  a  Mason.  Mr.  Owen  has  been  several 
times  in  Cuba,  twice  to  the  capital  of  Yucatan  ;  has  visited 
California  and  Canada ;  and  his  sojourn  with  the  Mayo, 
Yaqui,  and  Opata  Indians,  his  ride  alone  through  the 
Apache  country,  his  night  in  the  crater  of  Vesuvius,  and 
his  ascent  of  Popocatepetl,  etc.,  add  to  make  his  life  one 
of  marked  and  varied  experience.  His  scries  of  letters, 
"The  West  and  East'' — a  synopsis  of  the  efforts  made  by 
the  Occident  to  establish  commercial  intercourse  with  the 
Orient,  addressed  to  Presidents  Garfield  and  Gonzales,  were 
published  in  Spanish  and  English,  and  excited  considerable 
comment,  as  showing  the  philosophy  underlying  the  move- 


204  SUPPLEMENT. 

inents  and  counter- movements  of  nations  to  be  exchange^ 
and  not  politics. 

As  a  friend  of  Mexico,  Mr.  Owen  has  been  prominent 
since  1873,  an(^  ne  published  pamphlets  and  newspaper 
articles  concerning  its  people  and  its  resources,  at  a  time 
our  officials  were  ignorant  of,  and  prejudiced  against,  both; 
Ministers  Mariscal  and  Zamacona  have  repeatedly  ac- 
knowledged Mr.  Owen's  services  to  Mexico  and  to  her 
people,  in  those  days  when  it  was  held  as  quite  in  keeping 
with  the  destiny  of  the  United  States  to  encourage  our 
border  ruffians  to  violate  treaty  obligations. 

In  the  spring  of  1879  Mr.  Owen  went  to  Mexico  City 
with  a  letter  from  Minister  Zamacona,  to  lay  before  Presi- 
dent Diaz  a  ways  and  means  to  build  the  World's  Exhibi- 
tion, then  being  considered  by  Mexico.  His  plan  of  pay- 
ments was  the  Guernsey  market-house  plan — the  only 
equitable  one  ever  executed  by  a  government.  It  was  dur- 
ing the  interviews  on  this  visit  that  President  Diaz  and  Mr. 
Romero  (Secretary  of  the  Treasury)  asked  Mr.  Owen  to 
prepare  plans  and  to  form  a  company  to  drain  the  Valley 
of  Mexico.  A  part  of  the  history  of  Mr.  Owen's  work 
upon  the  drainage,  and  his  propositions  to  build  all  the 
railroads  of  Mexico,  are  contained  in  his  pamphlets,  pub- 
lished by  H.  C.  Baird  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  i4Texcoco- 
Huehuetoca  Canal,"  proposed  as  a  basis  on  which  to  issue 
Treasury  money,  and  to  inaugurate  a  national  system  to 
multiply  and  to  diversify  home  industries,  and  "The  Mili- 
tary, Postal,  and  Commercial  Highways  of  Mexico  and  the 
United  States,  their  construction  and  management,  together 
with  miscellaneous  letters,  interviews,  etc.,  upon  the  re- 
construction of  Governments,  Cities,  and  Public  Buildings, 
and  the  ways  and  means  of  payment  for  the  same."  The 
Texcoco-Huehuetoca  Canal  pamphlet  was  published  in 
Spanish  by  the  Mexican  Cabinet,  for  the  information  of 
Congress. 


Kxr.  205 

Mr.  Owen  formed  a  syndicate  with  Major-General  Alfred 
T.  A.  Torbert  at  its  head,  and  sailed  August  25,  1880,  to 
inaugurate  the  public  works  of  Mexico,  and  the  "  Treasury 
Money"  system  of  payments;  but  the  cyclone  of  August 
29th  tore  the  City  of  Vera  Cruz  to  pieces,  drowning  General 
Torbert  and  seventy-four  others,  and  Mr.  Owen  wa« 
twenty-two  hours  floundering  in  the  seas  before  being 
washed  upon  the  coast  of  Florida.  The  report  of  this  wreck, 
written  by  Mr.  Owen,  created  comment  in  the  commercial 
centres  of  both  hemispheres.  Mr.  Owen  at  once  reorgan- 
ized his  syndicate,  with  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  Jr.,  at  its  head ; 
but  this  delay  was  fatal,  and  the  Mexican  Central  and  the 
Franco-Egyptian  Bank  got  concessions  from  Mexico,  and 
began  the  United  States  system  for  Railroads  and  NationaN 
Banks,  and  the  accustomed  result  we  see — private  and 
national  bankruptcy.  Nothing  was  now  left  but  to  accept 
the  inevitable,  and  Mr.  Owen,  with  the  assistance  of  Mayor 
Prince,  of  Boston,  General  Butler,  General  Grant,  Wendell 
Phillips,  E.  A.  Buck,  Mr.  Romero,  and  others,  organized 
"The  Texas,  Topolobampo,  and  Pacific  Railroad  and  Tele- 
graph Company,"  went  to  Mexico,  and  obtained  a  conces- 
sion for  2,000  miles  of  railroad,  and  a  subsidy  of  $16,000,000. 
Hon.  William  Windom,  early  in  1883,  became  President, 
and  Hon.  John  H.  Rice  Treasurer  and  Secretary  of  this 
Company ;  and  Mr.  Owen,  as  chief  engineer,  went  to  Sinaloa, 
and  located  one  hundred  miles  of  the  road,  from  Topolo- 
bampo Bay  eastwardly.  In  1884  Mr.  Owen  went  again  to 
locate  the  Sinaloa  line ;  and  construction  commenced 
in  February,  1885.  During  the  past  six  months  Mr.  Owen 
has.  in  connection  with  the  railroad,  suggested  a  co-opera- 
tive colony  to  be  located  in  Sinaloa.  This  is  described  in 
"  Integral  Co-operation,"  a  two-hundred-page  pamphlet, 
published  by  the  John  W.  Lovell  Co.,  New  York.  It  is  a 
new  departure  in  laying  out,  settling,  and  managing  a  rity  ; 
it  is  eclecticism  and  equity — a  plan  novel,  quaint,  and  at- 


r*o6  S  t  'PPL  EMENT. 

tractive.  There  are  over  fourteen  hunched  persons  already 
enlisted,  and  over  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  money 
associated  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  enterprise. 

"  Integral    Co-operation "    is   now   being    published    in 
Spanish,  at  the  Mexican  Capital. 


INTEGRAL    CO-OPERATION.  207 

"  In  my  opinion  the  method  prepared  for  the  social  organization 
of  the  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa  is  so  truly  a  discovery  in  social 
science  that  its  results  in  the  happiness  and  life  of  society  is  destined 
to  be  as  important  in  all  matters  of  social  progress  as  the  discovery 
of  the  application  of  steam  has  been  in  all  matters  of  industry." — 
Edward  Hoivland. 

"  I  should  like  to  be  present  at  that  birth  of  a  new  city,  destined, 
I  believe,  to  play  such  an  important  part  in  the  future  destiny  of  this 
country  and  of  the  world.  For  if  Integral  Co-operation  proves  the 
success  we  anticipate  may  it  not  be  the  example  that  will  be  adopted 
by  this  country,  when  that  Revolution  comes  we  are  so  rapidly  near- 
ing.  That  it  will  be  some  form  of  Socialism  is  certain  ;  that  it  will 
be  all  the  Socialists,  the  radical  Socialists  desire,  I  doubt,  or  would 
even  deem  desirable.  It  will  be  many  years  before  the  culture  of 
the  whole  people  reaches  the  standard  that  will  make  the  perfect 
equality  they  seek  possible.  The  plan  of  the  Credit  Foncier  of 
Sinaloa  aims  at  such  perfect  justice,  giving  to  labor  what  it  is  justly 
entitled  to,  while,  at  the  same  time,  holding  out  rewards  to  satisfy  the 
most  able  and  industrious,  practicing  interdependence,  while,  at  the 
same  time,  granting  more  independence  than  ninty-nine  hundreths  of 
the  people  now  enjoy,  that  it  seems  as  if  it  must  be  the  happy 
medium  the  extreme  Socialists  and  extreme  advocates  of  the  present 
*  Liberty  '  will  finally  compromise  upon. " — John  W*  LovelL 

"The  project  (The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa)  is  a  good  one  and 
grows  upon  one  as  does  Niagara  or  the  majestic  outlines  of  a  great 
mountain  range  or  peak  the  more  one  contemplates  it.  I  have  long 
been  in  not  only  full  sympathy,  but  longing  for  the  consummation  of 
such  enterprise.  The  details  have  already  been  successfully  worked 
out  in  various  industries.  What  shall  prevent  their  being  carried  out 
in  combination  ?  But  the  world  has  yet  to  be  educated  up  to  a  proper 
appreciation,  not  only  of  the  grandeur,  but  of  the  simplicity  and  ease 
with  which  'The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa1  can  become  an  accom- 
plished fact — a  realization." — H.  J.  Curtice^  Editor,  Miner  and  Me- 
chanic. 

"  I  feel  confident  of  the  success  of  Albert  K.  Owen,  not  only  in 
his  own  grand  design — The  Credit  Foncier  of  Sinaloa — but,  that 
with  Godin  and  others,  he  will  practically  demonstrate  the  *  Grand 
principle*  of  co-operation  ;  and  thus  bless  mankind  with,  what  has 
never  yet  been  known  on  the  earth,  a  true  civilization,  or  even  an 
approach  to  it :  for  the  principle  of  competition,  like  the  '  moss 
traversing  spunkies  '  of  Burns,  instead  of  leading  men  to  homes  and 


2o8  INTEGRAL    CO-OPERATION'. 

civilization  and  '  happy  fireside  chimes  for  weens  and  wife,'  has  led 
them  through  poverty,  ignorance  and  vice,  war,  carnage  and  destruc- 
tion— and,  whether  by  force  or  fraud,  tyrants  or  politicians  ;  so- 
called  statesmen,  or  tricksters,  manipulators  and  vote  mongers — into 
that  vast  quagmire  of  suffocation  and  death  where  swelter  all  the 
so-called  civilizations  of  the  past  ;  and  whither  all  those  of  the  pres- 
ent— with  our  own,  pell  mell — are  hasting  to  be  engulfed." — John 
A.  Thomson. 

"  Thomas  Carlyle  wrote  forty  years  ago  :  lThe  accurate  final  rights 
af  man  lie  in  the  far  deeps  of  the  Ideal.'1 

It  looks  as  if  Albert  Owen  had  been  able  to  take  soundings 
'  in  the  far  deeps  ' — struck  bottom — and  given  bearings  to  the  public 
by  *  Integral  Co-operation.' 

I  believe  that  in  our  Pacific  Colony  '  the  accurate  final  rights  of 
man '  will  be  obtained  ; — or  in  other  words  where  '  the  Ideal  weds 
itself  to  the  possible.'  " — Edward  B.  Cady. 

"I  have  read  the  book  carefully  and  think  the  proposed  'Pacific 
Colony '  one  of  the  grandest  ideas  of  the  age,  and  which,  if  success- 
ful, will  solve  the  'social  problems'  now  assuming  such  importance 
in  our  so-called  civilization. 

If  Mr.  Owen's  plan  receives  the  support  it  deserves  I  have  faith  to 
believe  that  upon  the  far  distant  shores  of  the  Pacific,  will  be  estab- 
lished the  gem  of  a  newer  and  better  civilization  in  which  Equity 
and  not  Greed  shall  influence  human  motives  ;  and  where  Co-oper- 
ation will  enable  mankind  to  achieve  results,  that  under  our  present 
monopolistic  systems  are  impossible." — W.  N.  Hedges. 

* '  Having  carefully  and  earnestly  studied  Integral  Co-operation  in 
all  its  many  bearings — which  perhaps  want  of  time  has  prevented 
your  doing — I  wish  to  express  the  opinion  that  this  proposition  of 
Mr.  Owen  to  organize  and  establish  a  Co-operative  Colony  in  Mex- 
ico, or  this  country,  is  the  most  vitally  important  step  of  modern 
times,  looking  to  the  advancement  and  well-being  of  humanity. 
The  principles  involved  are  vital  and  unquestionably  of  the  utmost 
moment  to  millions  living  and  yet  to  be  born.  Doubtful  if  any  per- 
son living  has  studied  these  questions  with  such  assiduous  care,  or 
comprehends  them  better,  if  as  well,  as  does  the  industrious,  gener- 
ous-spirited author  and  promoter  of  this  movement.  If  intellectual 
and  executive  ability  fully  developed  by  exhaustive  study  of  basic 
societary  laws,  and  wide  practical  experience  is  a  reasonable  guaran- 
tee of  final  success,  then  surely  Mr.  Owen  may  look  forward  confi- 
dently for  the  full  fruition  of  his  most  ardent  hopes." — £.  O.  Ball. 


I  DREAM  OF  A  CITY 


DEDICATED  TO   MRS.   MARIE   HOWLAND. 

"I  DREAM  OF  A  CITY." 


Words  and  Music  by  C  M.  STANLEY. 


Allegretto. 


1.  In     a  beau  -  ti  -    ful    land,  as      I  dream,  Is        a 

2.  From  dreamland,  O      cl  -  ty,       a   -  rise.  For 

3.  The  no  -  blest    of     cit  -  ies  we'll  build  In       the 

4.  Be    •  hold  the  grand  work  is     be  -  fore      us,  Come  with 


m 


pal-ace  and  ci  -  ty     all       new.       Pro-phet  -  ic  -  al     vis  -  ion  I—  I 
shadows  the  substance  must  be,          And  he  who    has  faith  and  who 

sun  -    set  land  of   the       west,  As  our  sis  •  ters  and  broth-ers  have 

us       who  wish  to   be      free,  We'll  join  our  glad  voi  •  ces    in 


3.        3. 


deem  This     mys  -  tic  -  al      ci  -    ty    most  true.... 

tries....  This     beau  -  ti  -  ful     ci  -   ty    will  see 

willed,  For  the  wea  -  ry      a      ha-  ven    of  rest 

cho  -  rus,  And     build  our  sweet  homes  by  the  sea 


ife 


fcldt 


Home     of       the     free,  home    of     the    free.    This 

:^ .in  "iirTi:~zpziz.Tiiiiciiiiii"-i;"iiir7j?z;zzir2z 


fli^^f^^^s^sfc^E^^^^feSr^^ 
_  8_r_zz  :rzn5^i_z_5^i7izzi  *z5.-±t-~zzz5zni5i"Zi:zz.2nS— ~3 


beau  -  ti  -  ful    land    by      t'ae    sea,  Home  of     the    free, 

-«-      ^        — 


liome    of      the    free.    In  Mils  beau  -  ti  -   ful   land    by      the      sea. 


THE  CO-OPHKATiVh, 

COMMONWEALTH 

IN    ITS    OUTLINES, 

AN  EXPOSITION  OF  MODERN  SOCIALISM 

BY  LAURENCE  GRONLUND 

The  Co-operative  Commonwealth  is  a  neat,  handy  volume 
of  278  pages,  which  ought  to  be  read  and  studied  by  every 
person  who  wants  to  be  posted  on  what  is  thought  of  and 
going  on  in  the  world.  It  does  what  no  other  book  does  : 
it  presents  to  the  reader  in  a  concise,  logical,  and  readable 
form,  #//the  principal  propositions  of  Modern  Socialism, — 
FROM  THE  STANDPOINT  OF  A  SOCIALIST. 


Laurence  Gronlund — the  fairest-minded  of  all  our  modern  Socialists. 
— WM.  H.  MALLOCK,  in  The  Fortnightly  Review,  October,  1887. 

What  book  have  we  that  can  be  compared  to  that  by  Gronlund  ? — 
Revue  Socialiste,  of  Paris. 

M  Laurence  Gronlund,  our  learned,  able,  and  eloquent  American 
collaborates. — Revtie  cF  Economic  Politique,  of  Paris. 

We  can,  without  the  slightest  reservation,  acknowledge  the  great 
ability  and  eloquence  with  which  Mr.  Gronlund  expounds  his  views,  and 
recommend  his  work  as  an  authoritative  and  deeply  interesting  exposi- 
tion of  the  most  popular  theory  of  modern  socialism. — Newcastle  Weekly 
Chronicle. 

Mr.  Gronlund  is  one  of  the  most  thoughtful  and  well-informed  social 
philosophers  of  our  times. — M.  CHARLES  GIDE,  Professor  of  Poltical 
Economy  at  the  University  of  Montpellier,  France. 

Mr.  Gronlund  is  careful  to  distinguish  between  Socialism  and  Com- 
munism.   There  is  no  idiotic  plan  to  divide  all  property  in  equal  p. 
"  Communists,"  he  says,  "  make  all  property  common  property,  while  our 
commonwealth  will  place  only  the  instruments  of  production,  la 
machinery,  raw  materials,  etc.,  under  collective  control." — Philade. 
Press. 

It  is  valuable  as  presenting  clearly,  and  in  a  certain  sense,  thought- 
fully, the  arguments  which  lead  people  towards  Socialism;  an 
errors  increase  its  value,  because  they  show  what  mistakes  some  pe- 
ar e  likely  to  make,  and  where  the  fight  must  come. — Independent. 

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